Walt Disney Company Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Walt Disney Company - Research Proposal Example According to the examination the organization which has been chosen is Walt Disney Company that for the most part alluded to as the Disney was begun as a family organization and developed to get perhaps the biggest medium and amusement aggregate on the planet as far as income. The Walt Disney Productions set up itself as a pioneer in the American activity industry and later changed to broaden into live activity film creation, TV and travel. Further, the Walt Disney Company includes made new divisions inside the organization in order to upgrade showcasing of more develop content than, it regularly connects with its leader family situated brands. Under the initiative of its new Chief Executive Officer, Bob Iger, Disney has restored its accentuation on its center methodology and appropriating alluring substance for kids, just as coordinating this substance through its different amusement stations. From my study, it is basic to take note of that, the Walt Disney Company has stayed effect ive for a long time by settling on vital decisions that empowered it to manufacture a feasible upper hand over different organizations. The organization has settled on insightful choices, through the direction of its outstanding pioneers since its beginning in the 1920’s, on which assets and abilities to create, and on the most proficient method to use them, remembering the serious condition. Disney Company has procured a place that is totally different from its rivals. Disney has over the most recent couple of decades moved into a more extensive market, beginning with the Disney Channel on link to the foundation of developments like the Touchstone Pictures in the creation of movies and the foundation of its balance on a more extensive territory. The organization is notable for its items and film studio, the Walt Disney Pictures Group, it has developed as one of the biggest and most popular studios in Hollywood. With its initial notable animation creation, Mickey Mouse, it ha s been set up as the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company (Corner et al. 1998). Also, with the company’s beginning selling drawing of Alice’s in Wonderland, Disney has set up itself in the business of animation creation. With an unmistakable accentuation on Disney’s achievement in the family diversion, this paper plainly diagrams the idea driving the formation of a firm creation industry concerning successful initiative and direction of the administration board. This paper will plainly plot the income age of Disney regarding vital estimates made by its supervisory crew, to upgrade manageability in media outlets. Organization Operations The Walt Disney Company which began in 1923 as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, has developed hugely to turn into the biggest media combination on the planet as far as income. With its grown out of limit in the family diversion, Disney has developed tremendously in different viewpoints to get immense income as examined here. The general promoting spending is to a great extent driven by the economy, just as the nearness of enormous scope TV occasions like the world cup or Olympics. The achievement associated with Disney in the fascination of ad cash and members charges brings

Camping out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outdoors - Essay Example Outdoors might be durable or even impracticable, yet this ought not be the issue, it ought to be fun and charming. Going on nervy exercises, finding nature, all these can be accomplished in outdoors just if an individual goes outdoors with the correct psyche. There is no hot shower in camps; one needs to wash in waterways, lakes and some other option. At the point when one ponders outdoors, the person in question should consider both the confirmed and the downbeat sides. The exercises in outdoors, which are angling and assembling wild natural products are very brassy. These can be the most beneficial nourishments one takes in the range of a year. Balance these nourishments with the canned food sources individuals convey when going outdoors. The canned nourishments don't have supplements they are much the same as lousy nourishment, however the fish and the wild organic products are new and have numerous supplements. These exercises ought not pummel an individual. Somebody ought to do them as fun exercises, by doing so they become fun, and the exercises cause individuals to acknowledge nature. Individuals should quit living on their assuage zone, by permitting themselves to be brave. A model is Earnest’s explanation that any man of normal office knowledge can make at any rate as great a pie as his better half (Thurston 201). The difficulties that individuals face when going out on camps should add amusing to their exercises. Being assaulted by mosquitoes and bugs and in any event, outdoors in flies invaded zones ought to be exciting. This sounds sickening and shocking, yet for what reason should an individual go outdoors in the event that the person in question won't have the option to stand these difficulties. The nearness of creepy crawlies is on the grounds that; the greater part of outdoors exercises occur in woodlands and some of the time on slopes and mountains. At the point when the exercises occur in the backwoods, it is expectable to discover creepy crawlies like flies, since this is the place they live together. Outdoors is intense and now and then the exercises look out of reach. These exercises serve to make going out on camps satisfying and satisfying. There is no need of going out on a camp when

Aziz H And S Example

Aziz H And S Example Aziz H And S â€" Case Study Example > ClassUnitIdentify, and explain the significance of, the statutory duties that apply to the situation described (25)Under the law, the employer is expected to take responsibility for the employee health and safety management (Hughes and Ferrett 2011, 9). The employer is expected to do what is reasonably practical to protect employee health and safety welfare. In this situation, the employer was supposed to make sure that the worker was protected from any harm while performing her work duties. This is through effectively working to control risks and injury which may occur at the workplace. In this case, Mrs Erica Preston duty is visiting the service users. This is a work duty that the employer was expected to ensure the employee was secure and her health was catered for (HSE, 2016). According to the case, the housing estate she was visiting is situated in a socially deprived area. This work duty placed Mrs Preston in danger since the chances of crime were high. Another statutory dut y that appears in this situation is Mrs Preston health. At the time of the incidence, Mrs Preston was 23 weeks pregnant. This meant that she was more venerable to attacks which could have affected her health. Under the health and security laws, the employer is expected to assess the risks that can occur in the workplace. Risk assessment by the employer would have prevented Mrs Preston from vising an area prone to crime endangering her health. The employer was supposed to have informed Mrs Preston on the risks in her workplaces and trained her how to deal with them. The employer failed in ensuring health and safety for the employee was catered for (HSE, 2016). The employee suffered health harm while on employment due to employer negligence. The employer failed to ensure that the employee security was well catered for. The employer had exposed the employee to physical harm through understaffing and failing to follow the health and safety laws (HSE, 2016). Review the strengths and we aknesses of the proposed civil action, making reference to the possible defences to the claim that the Council may consider (40)The civil action is based on claim of damages for accident at work. The case document claims that the client (Mrs Erica Preston) was assaulted by unknown person while carrying out her work duty. The defendant claims that the employer is at fault since they failed to ensure that the client was protected from such kind of attack. The injuries suffered by the client are listed as; bruising in the left arm causing significant pain and psychological trauma which led to physical symptoms associated with premature birth leading to more distress to client. StrengthsIt is clear that the client suffered damage due to the employer breach of duty. This makes it reasonable for the client to bring a civil action towards the employer. The statutes are Cleary expressed and action is always recommended for the breach of statutory duty. Employers have a duty of care to the ir employees. This can be proved by the case of Wilsons and Clyde co ltd v. English (1937). On the case, Lord Wright explained that the employers have a duty to take reasonable care to the employees. In this case, the employer failed to take reasonable care for the employee health and safety (Cipd 2006, 6).

Are Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis - 1540 Words

There are many books that I have read since I have been in school throughout the years, but none of the books asked a question like Angela Davis’ book, â€Å" Are Prisons Obsolete?†. When I read the title it did not get me thinking about the why’s and how’s because I thought I had the answer right away, the answer I thought I had was that prisons are necessary. That answer was with me until I started to actually read her book and understand that it took more to comprehend Davis’ thinking in writing the book than just answering the question that was on the cover. Davis wrote the book for the people that care about what the government is doing and those who want to do something about it, but it is also for those who happen to pick up the book for†¦show more content†¦The wrongs that Davis is mentioning about gender starts when she gets comments from the inmates that she felt would help express her perspective on the prisons. One of the commen ts that Davis wrote down stated what the prison officers did to them and what happened after, but followed by that had why Davis wrote it down and she stated â€Å"I have quoted this passage so extensively because it exposes an everyday routine in women’s prisons that verges on sexual assault as much as it is taken for granted† (63).When Davis was talking about her â€Å"quoting the passage so extensively†(63), I was thinking that maybe she was trying to get her point across with the passage to start off why it matters. To me I believe that Davis wanted to show that people should not be treated like the way they do to these people in jails. When Davis says that sentence on page (63), it got me thinking that she was right in some way and it is important to look at the things that happen to people in the prisons because it is not fair to those in the prisons to overlook something like this just because they did something to send them there. Davis wrote what she t hought about what the police in the prisons do to the prisoners and that opinion would start a chain reaction for others to start thinking and to start making their own opinions on theShow MoreRelatedAre Prisons Obsolete? By Angela Davis1513 Words   |  7 Pages Angela Davis is the author of Are Prisons Obsolete?. Davis lays out the facts about incarceration and how it has effected our society; not to mention how it has played a major role in our history. Davis outlines the significant importance that incarceration has towards minorities in America. She goes on to identifies race, gender, and class as being a part of the problem of incarceration. Davis takes the stance of not having prisons in our society, period. She does believe that we can have someRead MoreAre Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesnorms of the 21st century. In the novel, â€Å"Are Prisons Obsolete† by Angela Davis, she emphasizes the underlining problems faced within modern day prisons. More specifically on how the reformation of these prisons have ultimately backfired causing the number of imprisonments to sky rocket drastically. Which results in the concept of the prison system being a lot more harmful than helpful to the prison-bas ed communities nationwide. How is it that prison reformers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesRead MoreCritical Review On Angela Davis873 Words   |  4 Pages Annabelle Villegas ENG 106 Professor Asbell 10 March 2017 Critical Book Review Angela Davis is best known for being a political activist for social issues as well as being a member of the Black Panther Party and Communist party. Davis is well educated and received wide attention when she was fired from UCLA for being a member in the communist party. She also received wide attention when a takeover in a courtroom which killed several people by a gun was registered under her name. She was put onRead MoreEssay about Mass Incarceration of African Americans2060 Words   |  9 Pagesminorities in life are left with less opportunists, they loose access to normal societal things,and on top of that have to face life long stigma. The primary reason for the explosion in the prison population, Alexander argued, is the War on Drugs. In general, African Americans serve almost as much time in federal prison for a drug offense... In 2002, about 2.4% of all marijuana users were arrested for marijuana possession, but the arrest rate of African Americans for possession was 94% higher than theRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 Pagesprivatization of the prison industrial complex contributes substantially to the state of mass incarceration in the United States and will continue to shape its future for the years to come. I will approach the writings of Angela Davis and Wilson Gilmore by comparing their theories on the profit motive behind the recent upward trend in the rate of incarcerated individuals in the United States in the past thirty years. To do so, I will analyze Davis essay on theRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela Y Davis s The Black Panther Party1384 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical liberation was the privatization of prisons which allowed corporations to set motives that increase the prison population, and normalize imprisonment as a way to solve social problems. For Instance, the Black Panther Party was a radical organization that challenged the status quo and a major response to pushback the work they were doing was to criminalize their behavior, in order to maintain the status quo and maintain whiteness. THESIS: Angela Y Davis is an anti abolitionist scholar who hasRead MoreImmigartion, Incarceration and Deportation Essays2642 Words   |  11 Pagesother Immigration departments to deport them. Most of the time undocumented people get deported because they cannot afford to pay a lawyer and try to do something to remain in this country. As I was reading Are prison obsolete by Angela Davis, she talks about the history of prisons around the world and in the United States and how they link together as an alternative to punitive punishment. The concept of personal liberty and the thought of taking away personal liberty as a form of punishment;Read MoreSlavery and Mass Incarceration2562 Words   |  11 Pagescivilization. Concerning chattel slavery in America, Blacks are still living through remnants of it redesigned to reflect a modern day perspective. An unknown author wrote if we are not careful history will repeat itself. This is true regarding the Prison Industrial Complex. After the Emancipation Proclamation, very few slaves were free, only those slaves in states or territories under rebellion were freed. [ (PBS) ] After the south fell to the north at the end of the civil war all blacks were freeRead MoreSpeech on Capital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished2506 Words   |  11 PagesSt. Martins Press, 1997. Angela Y. Davis Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Open Media, 2003. Kevin Davis Defending the Damned: Inside Chicagos Cook County Public Defenders Office. New York: Atria, 2007. Rolando V. del Carmen and Chad R. Trulson Juvenile Justice: The System, Process and Law. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2005. Jack L. Goldsmith The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration. New York: Norton, 2007. Tara Herivel and Paul Wright Prison Nation: The Warehousing ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesâ€Å"The Future Growth of the Population of South Africa and Its Probable Age,† Population Studies 4, no. 1 (1950): 3–46; Angus Maddison’s data sets on world population, www.ggdc.net/ maddison; U.S. historical statistics at www.census.gov; Kingsley Davis, â€Å"Recent Population Trends in the New World: An Over-All View,† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 316 (March 1958): 1–10; Chandra Jayawardena, â€Å"Migration and Social Change: A Survey of Indian Communities Overseas,† Geographical

Sex Education Should Be Legal - 2009 Words

Most couples never expect to have trouble with starting a family. After all, our parents talked to us about the â€Å"birds and the bees† and our teachers made us sit through that awkward sex education class in school, both making our young minds believe that having sex just one time would result in pregnancy. Then you get older and are ready to have a family and come to realize that there is a lot more to getting pregnant than just having sex. There is this magic time in a women’s cycle called ovulation; there is a short 24 hour window for the egg to be fertilized; there is a 20-25% chance for even a healthy couple to get pregnant each month, etc., etc., etc. All of this comes as a shock since we spend so many years trying not to get pregnant†¦show more content†¦Infertility has changed me in more ways than I could have ever imagined; some for the good, some for the bad, and some for the ugly. The ugly and the bad of our infertility journey Poor emotional health and jealousy: When being told my husband and I had a 2% chance of conceiving without infertility treatments, I knew we were in for a bumpy road. Looking back, I wish the road was just bumpy, instead of the massive boulders that constantly crushed my emotional health. The longer our battle with infertility remained, the lesser able I was to savor the great things and enjoy the fun in life. I had reached the lowest point I had ever been in my life. I was consumed by sadness and had to consciously work on being happy. I was extremely bitter and jealous of any woman with a growing belly or a new baby. Severe pre and post-natal anxiety: Fast forward to my pregnancy. Being told after our seventh infertility treatment that we were pregnant was the most incredible feeling I had ever felt. I remember the day I got the call from our nurse like it was yesterday. I could restate all of the details of where I was, what I was wearing, what I was doing; it was a magical moment. Around 20 weeks into my pregnancy, I developed insanely intense prenatal anxiety. I had been through so much heartache and pain to get pregnant that when I finally did, of course I was beyond excited, but also terrified that this dream I was living was going toShow MoreRelatedShould Sex Education Be Legal?987 Words   |  4 Pageschildren should learn in school. While some schools cater to religion being taught the same thing is not set in place for sex education. Many believe that sex education is vital in today’s world. Meanwhile others feel that the sex talk should be left up to the parents. With pregnancy rates going up and adolescents getting pregnant younger soon there will not be a choice. One thing is certain that public schools should educate children in some way. Nevertheless not all parts of sex education will beRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Legal?1680 Words   |  7 PagesSex: the elephant in the room no one likes to talk about. It is a natural act humans have done for years but also a taboo to show or acknowledge. Sex, despite being taboo, is omnipresent. It is present in discussions of God, television, dating, and other areas, all of which have played a role into my understanding of sex and sexuality. However, public education has ultimately been the main factor in maintaining my personal safe sex life. Many parents debate whether sex education should remain inRead MoreSex Education Should Be Legal Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pagesyear, and 50% of new HIV infections occur in individuals under the age of 25 (Beh 22). This can partly be attributed to the state of sex educa tion in the United States. Only 24 states require sex education be taught in schools and only 20 of those require the information to be ‘medically, factually, or technically accurate’ (â€Å"State Policies†). Abstinence-only education has been proven to be ineffective in reducing rates of teen pregnancies, STDs, and the consequences of both; has a lack of public support;Read MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal Defense And Education Fund Supports Same Sex Marriage?1085 Words   |  5 Pagesis legalizing same-sex marriage. In their article, â€Å"Talking About the Freedom to Marry: Why Same-Sex Couples Should Have Equality in Marriage,† the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund supports same-sex marriage. An opposing view, is given by Robert P. George, a Princeton University professor. In his article, â€Å"The 28th Amendment: It Is Time to Protect Marriage, and Democracy, in America,† he explains why he is against same-sex marriage. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund concludes thatRead MoreMy View and Opinion on Underage Sex Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesMy View and Opinion on Underage Sex Is the age of 16 the right age for sex to be legal? Many people have their own views and beliefs and the issue is very indecisive, but is there ever going to be an age that everyone agrees is appropriate? This is what my speech is going to be about. Many people have different opinions on what they think the legal age to have sex should be. Every year more and more children are having underage sex and this number is continuing toRead MoreThe Best Kind of Sex Education708 Words   |  3 Pages There is much controversy over which form of sex education should be taught, comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-only sex education. The definition for comprehensive sex education is responsible and balanced sexuality education that seeks to assist young people in understanding a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information and skills about caring for their sexual health, and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future. It is medically accurate and providesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Respected1123 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, same-sex marriage should be respected at the same level as traditional opposite-sex marriage. â€Å"Marriage is the ultimate affirmation of a sexual relationship. Marriage is the institution in which we not only tolerate people having sex and housing children, but we encourage it and celebrate it as a society† (Foust 3). Most states attempted to avoid the same-sex marriage issue by defining marriage between man and woman, but that soon became an unexpected controversial issue (â€Å"Same-Sex MarriageRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught? Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing sex education in my classroom. The state-mandated teaching standards promoting a biased, abstinence-only program, however, do little to communicate reliable and inclusive information about sexuality. Texas provisions and education codes relating to sex education should sustain amendments that fully address the sexual health needs of every student, regardless of their gender identity, sexual orientation or sexual expression. Sex Education in Texas The topic of sex education in the UnitedRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the majority opinion was an act of will, not of legal judgment. Under the Constitution, judges do have the power to say what the law is, but not what the actual law should be. Both the majority opinion and the dissenting opinions contain some language of interest concerning those who disagree with the legal conclusion based upon religious beliefs. The majority opinion makes a great statement about how many people, who were opposed of same-sex marriage to be wrong, were against it primarily basedRead MoreAbortion Essay879 Words   |  4 Pageslive or the right to decide. The debate whether abortion should be made legal continues to divide republicans and democrats long after the U.S. Supreme Court’s 7-2 decision on Roe v. Wade declaring abortion a â€Å"fundamental† right (Roe V. Wade). The conflict over abortion that was divided into two camps, Pro-Life and Pro-Choice, sparked different views in conservatives and liberals; supporters of both camps may come together to help in sex education, distribution of birth control, and protection to avoid

Figures of Speech Free Essays

FIGURE OF SPEECH : A mode of expression in which words are used out of their literal meaning or out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer the poet’s sense impressions by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader. Some important figures of speech are: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole and symbol. Adjunction: Adjunction refers to a clause or a phrase, usually a verb, that is added at the beginning of a sentence. We will write a custom essay sample on Figures of Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here are a few examples of adjunction; Sings the bird as we walk on by. Good it is that fights the master with his dark lord, Allegory: This figure of speech is an extended metaphor where the characters or actions in a literary work have a more imaginative meaning. The examples of allegory are; I feel like a dog today. I rolled out of my basket and munched on some biscuit-like cereal. Scratching as I got on the train, I sniffed a passing female. Aruooo!! Down boy! – Animal Farm, George Orwell By this I perceive thou art one of my subjects; for all that country is mine, and I am the Prince and God of it. How is it then that thou hast run away from thy King? The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan Alliteration: A repetition of particular consonant sound in the beginning of each word in close succession. Though alliteration is mainly consonant sounds, sometimes vowel sounds are also repeated. This figure of speech is mainly used in poetry. A few examples of alliteration: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. – Acquainted with th e Night, Robert Frost Those tidal thoroughbreds that tango through the turquoise tide. – Dancing Dolphins, Paul McCann Allusion: An allusion is an indirect or brief reference to a person, place or thing in a literary work. A few illustrations of allusion – I doubt if Phaethon feared more – that time he dropped the sun-reins of his father’s chariot and burned the streak of sky we see today – or if poor Icarus did – feeling his sides unfeathering as the wax began to melt, his father shouting: â€Å"Wrong, your course is wrong – Inferno, Dante This responsibility is too much for me. I feel as though I have an albatross around my neck. – The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Samuel Taylor Coleridge Antithesis: An antithesis is a figure of speech where there is a juxtaposition of two contrasting ideas in a balanced clause or sentence. Some illustrations of antithesis: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. – A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens If, as our dreaming Platonists report, There could be spirits of a middle sort, Too black for heav’n, and yet too white for hell, Who just dropp’d halfway down, nor lower fell. – The Hind and the Panther, John Dryden Apostrophe: In this figure of speech, a non existent or absent person is addressed. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation ‘O’. Examples of apostrophe are: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? – Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, / That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! / Thou art the ruins of the noblest man / That ever lived in the tide of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. Climax: In climax, the words or clauses are arranged in ascending order of importance. These phrases have a similar theme and arranged in increasing order according to the impact they create on the reader. A few illustrations; Love creates happiness, happiness creates joy, joy creates enlightenment. We’ll collect pennies in te ns, hundreds and millions! Power starts small, becomes significant then becomes unstoppable. Euphemism: A figure of speech where an offensive or rude word is substituted by a polite and gentle word. The technique is to use a neutral language so as not to sound offensive to the receiver. Like for instance: Differently abled instead of disabled. Put to sleep instead of euthanasia Hyperbole: It is used while exaggerating something. This figure of speech is mainly used in several jokes or as a way of insult. It is to dramatize a normal situation or to make it look worse. A few hyperbole examples: The whole world was staring at me. It is going to take a zillion years to get through medical school. My backpack weighs a ton. Irony: Irony is used to convey the opposite meaning of a word. It is usually used in sarcasm or in humor. It is also used to convey an ugly truth in a subtle manner. Some examples of irony are: â€Å"Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. † (Situational Irony) – The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, S. T. Coleridge The boy is so intelligent that he failed in all the subjects. (Verbal Irony) Metaphor: Metaphor is used for the purpose of comparison with a thing which is not applicable to it literally. It is an indirect comparison of two unrelated things. Some examples of metaphors include: He was a lion in the battlefield. He is the apple of my eye. Metonymy: In metonymy, the name of one thing is replaced with something that is closely related to it. In common terms, it is also known as misnomer or transmutation. Here are some metonymy examples: The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings. (Suits referring to bankers). The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night. (Here air time refers to broadcasting). Onomatopoeia: This figure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. Mentioned below are some examples of onomatopoeia: The buzzing of bees. The whirring of the washing machine. Oxymoron: Using a contradictory term to define a situation, object or event is oxymoron. Some oxymoron examples are: Clearly misunderstood Exact estimation Personification: Associating an inanimate object to human quality. A few personification examples are: The haughty lion surveyed his realm. My car was happy to be washed. Simile: Simile is a figure of speech where two essentially unlike things are compared with each other, using ‘as’, ‘than’ or ‘like’. A few simile examples are given below: O my love is like a red, red rose. Life is like an onion: You peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep. Synecdoche: It is a part of speech similar to metonymy, where a part of a particular object is used to refer to the whole thing. Synechdoche examples are: The city posted a sign, where ‘the city’ refers to the government. The gray beard refers to an old man. How to cite Figures of Speech, Papers

King John free essay sample

King John is one of the most well-known figures in history because he has forever been portrayed as a wicked, vile ruler of England, who taxed the country out of everything they had and despised his own people. In this essay, I aim to prove that King John wasn’t really a bad king because although he did have a bad personality, all the problems he faced were mostly caused by his father and brother also he also did some good deeds therefore he was actually a good, bad and unlucky king. John inherited many problems from his father King Henry II and brother King Richard I when he became king. The main problem was Philip II, King of France, this was caused because Richard I refused to marry Philip’s sister. This was a major problem because Philip was very powerful, cunning, and rich and kept trying attack England, but unfortunately for John, at the time he didn’t have enough money or soldiers to try and defeat Philip, therefore continued losing all his battles. We will write a custom essay sample on King John or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A second problem was Pope Innocent III, caused by John’s father and brother as they kept arguing with the pope over who should have the most power over England. This meant that the pope thought that he should have the most power over England, but John also disagreed to this, so the pope declared that there would be no funerals or marriages until John gave in. Finally, John having no other option gave in, however this proved lucky for John as the pope supported John in his battles. The final problem was Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk caused by John’s father because he kept harassing Roger’s father as he kept rebelling against him. This made things harder for John because Roger wanted revenge and John was the one from their family alive. Since Roger was a baron, he could get all the other barons on their side and stop lending their soldiers to King John for all his battles, and instead use them to attack him. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that John was a bad king. For example he used to take lots of extra taxes to pay for his battles; furthermore he ends up losing which means all the money is wasted. Even if John did have a lot of problems that he did not create himself, his personality made them worse so he could not even resolve them. John was hot-tempered, stubborn, cruel, mocking and secretive. Most importantly, he did not have much control over England because first paupers and peasants rebelled him, then increasing to knights and powerful barons. However, John can also be seen as an unlucky ruler, such as in 1214 during a battle between John and Philip, King Philip was about to die when one of his own soldiers betrayed him and saved Philip. Unfortunately, John’s French and English barons broke their promise to be loyal and gave away John’s land to the French King. Finally, there is evidence that John was actually a good ruler. For example, he reinforced the British Navy, for instance and introduced a new; presumably better, monetary system to make government finances easier and he revamped the country’s law courts. John also took control of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, thus bringing relative peace to the realms of Britain. Furthermore in 1214, John actually won several battles against Philip and got some of his land back, this proves that he wasn’t really a soft sword after all. Interpretations of John have changed a great deal since the Middle Ages. In Tudor time, the people supported John because he was similar to their own ruler (Henry VIII) that he fought with the pope and Henry also had problems with the French. They also believed that the barons have nothing to do with the king’s reign and that they should not interfere. The Tudors were probably told this by their ancestors. In contrast, the Victorians thought that John was a Devil and a Villain because he divorced his wife, took land from the church which was a holy place and treated priests badly. They believed the Magna Carta is very important because it means that no king could do what they liked. They thought this because they read the books written by monks; which very biased because they only stated the bad things that John did because they were on the pope’s side. Modern Historians don’t agree about John because they thought he was unlucky but a good king because they thought he was organised and ran the government well, but he was unlucky and inherited many of his problems. Having examined all the evidence, I have concluded that John was not a bad king. This is because in most circumstances he was just very unlucky otherwise he could have easily overcome his problems. Finally, he did have some good qualities were enough to run a country peacefully. Therefore my final conclusion is that King John was not a bad king!

Will computers replace books in the future free essay sample

Will computers replace books in the future? Computers have changed the face of the world. Now reading has even become a big deal on the Internet and e-books are now available all over the web. Then here comes the question†will computers replace books In the future? Lets have a look. Its green. No trees have to be cut down to print an e-book. Its all done electronically and through devices that most people own. Saving thousands of trees Is a great thing. Possible lower cost. If people begin to switch from paper-printed books to electronic ones, the cost of electronic books could e lower than traditional printing. Thats because far less people have to be involved in the process. Once it is published electronically, the people that work in the printing wont be included in the cost of the book. Less comfort. Many people like to get away from the computer for a while and curl up to a nice book. We will write a custom essay sample on Will computers replace books in the future? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also important to remember that some people have a much harder time reading electronic items than traditional paper ones. Therefore, it seems inevitable for computers to take over the book industry, but Its unlikely In the near future. There has been a lot of talk lately concerning the possibility of computers replacing the position of books In our life. I believe It Is truly possible. Many years ago, people used books for everything related to education. In fact, the humans best source of knowledge and education was the book. But computers have gained popularity In a very short amount of time and everyone at least has one somewhere around their house. We have the need to use computers for everything. All we have to do is give the computer instructions and it does all the hard work for us. I am going to discuss the benefits that computer has to offer to its users. Firstly, computers are much better than books because a modern computer can hold a billion times more information than the average 400-800-page book. If you want to do a research about anything, it would take you at least an hour Just to find the right book but by using a computer, you can find the same information In less than 5 minutes. Many people including me use the Internet as a dictionary, finding definitions, so this way only takes the time to type the word. A laptop computer equal to the size and weight of a book holds data about any topic you can think of. A book only covers a speclflc topic. A computer can hold much more types of data than a book. When you carry one computer, you are carrying a hundred thousand books. Secondly, everyone would agree that an e-books cost much less to produce and less to buy than an actual paper books. The information in a digital format can be shared easily by email or by copying the files onto someone elses computer or simply by transferring it into your USB drive. It is also easier to edit the information. This makes it overall more convenient for students who might not be able to afford one copy of a book each and who dont want to make notes and underline points. Will computers replace books in the future? By Jinggang0454 books in the future? Lets have a look. Its green. No trees have to be cut down to Saving thousands of trees is a great thing. Possible lower cost. If people begin to get away from the computer for a while and curl up toa nice book. It is also computers to take over the book industry, but its unlikely in the near future. There position of books in our life. I believe it is truly possible. Many years ago, people used knowledge and education was the book. But computers have gained popularity in a computer, you can find the same information in less than 5 minutes. Many people including me use the internet as a dictionary, finding definitions, so this way only book holds data about any topic you can think of. A book only covers a specific topic.

The Memory s Biology

The Memory s Biology Abstract Memory is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the process by which information is coded, stored and retrieved. Encoding involves the conversion of sensory stimuli into forms that can be stored. Storage is the process of forming long term mental records of the information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Memorys Biology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Retrieval is the process of extracting information from memory. Memory can be classified into sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Memory can be enhanced using techniques such as rehearsal, paying attention, use of mnemonics, and active participation. Active participation is thought to be better than rehearsal. Memory can be tested using techniques such as operant conditioning, recognition, free recall, and detection paradigm. Memory Memory is a mental function that enables humans to keep information for later use. I t can also be described as a term used in cognitive psychology to describe how people encode, store and retrieve information about the environment (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 1998). This essay will begin with a discussion about memory processes. This will be followed by a section on classification of memory into sensory, short term, and long term memory. The various types of memory will be discussed in detail. Methods of studying memory will also be examined in this paper. Finally, it will end in a section on personal reflection. The stages of memory formation include encoding, storage, and retrieval. Information passes the three stages sequentially. Encoding generates information that can stored. Stimuli reaching the brain are received and processed into forms that can be used to represent the stimuli. Encoding generates verbal, acoustic, and image codes. These codes provide avenues by which information can be retrieved. Therefore, it can be said that retrieval relies on encoding. I nterpretation of the codes is a function of memory. Storage Storage can be described as creation of a long term record in the brain. Storage is a complex stage of memory formation that involves other subs of sensory memory include iconic memory and echoic memory. Iconic memory carries visual information and lasts for almost 25 seconds. It is a temporary storage for visual information. Echoic memory is a temporary storage for information coming from the ears. Echoic memory lasts for several seconds. Haptic memory is creates a temporary record of tactile information. Information coming from the sensory system is rich in content. However, human beings cannot convert all the information into memory forms. Short term memory Short term memory also known as working memory is a form of memory that lasts for several seconds to a minute. Rehearsal can improve short term memory. Short term memory can store a limited amount of information at a time. It can store up to five distinct items at any given time (Cowan, 2001). However, it has been found out that grouping items like numbers can improve short term memory. Short term memory enables the manipulation of information when attending to activities like decision making and problem solving. It is the form of memory that is constantly in use and allows an individual to interact effectively with the environment. Short term memory may rely on acoustic codes. However, this is not true for all types of information. Long term memory Long term memory is a relatively long term form of memory where vast amounts of information are stored. Its capacity is thought to be limitless. Long term memory enables us to recall events that took place several years back. Long term memory is our main repository of information. It shapes our understanding of the environment. Types of repositories in the long term memory include declarative, procedural, and flash back memories. Declarative memory also known as explicit memory is a form of long term memory that requires the conscious recall of information that can be verbalized. For example, describing the process of neurotransmission to students. Declarative memory is further classified into episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory involves storage of information regarding events that were personally experienced. It enables an individual to recall events that happened at a certain time in the past. It is a form of memory that stores personal experiences. Semantic memory is personalized. It stores general, factual, and abstract information. Information about ones area of expertise, academic knowledge, knowledge of places, knowledge of people, and knowledge about meaning of words is stored in semantic memory. Learning relies on semantic memory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Memorys Biology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Procedural memory is memory that stores psychomotor skills. Inf ormation needed to execute certain skills like driving and playing a musical instrument are stored in procedural memory. It stores knowledge that cannot be verbalized but is important in the performance of some activities. It has been described as memory that stores information about how to do things. Flash back memory stores information that is associated with emotional moments. Events that are linked to certain emotions can be recalled quickly and more accurately. For example, asking people where they were when a close family member passed away. Flash back memory is concerned with storage of unusual events. It tends to be personal in nature. Retrieval Retrieval is the process of accessing and taking information out of storage. Typically, information is pulled out of storage when it is needed. Retrieval can be complicated by factors like lack of concentration and interference. Retrieval is associated with certain recall states like tip of the tongue, and serial position effect. Tip of the tongue refers to a state in which one cannot recall all the information. In such a case an individual is able to only retrieve or recall some characteristics of the information. Serial position effect refers to a situation in which an individual can recall either the first few items (primary effect) or the last items of a list (recency effect). Recall can be prompted using either specific or general retrieval cues. Memory problems Forgetting is described as difficulty in retrieving information. Inability to recall information has been linked to some factors like decay, interference, lack of cues, and presence of disorders like amnesia. Decay refers to inability to recall due to disappearance of information over time. This happens when information is not frequently rehearsed or used. Information that is not needed can interfere with retrieval of information (Ellenbogen et al, 2006). This can occur when retrieval cues are no longer specific. Factors facilitating memory Rehears al: repeating and reciting information enhances the number of meaningful associations that can be formed. Memory improves with the number of rehearsals. Self-questioning strategies can be used to enhance this technique. Self-questioning strategies increase the number of associations that can be formed by learners. Organization: information can be arranged in a particular way to enhance memory. Chunking is one of the strategies used to organize information. Meaningfulness: this strategy encourages students to personalize information by giving personal meaning to it. This strategy is superior to reciting and rehearsing. It is easy to recall information that has meaning. This strategy enables a learner to relate what is being learned with real life situations thus forming long term memory.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mnemonic devices: these memory aids include loci, acronyms, and key words. Loci method involves positioning of items to be remembered in specific areas of the house. An individual will use a mental map to locate the items in the house thus aiding memory. Activity: this strategy is used to enhance memory by encouraging students to actively participate in their learning. Attention/concentration: attention and elimination of distractions enhances learning and the formation of memory. Methods used to study memory Techniques used to study memory differ for infants and adults. The methods used to study infants are unique because infants cannot report on what they have learned. Methods used to study infants’ recognition memory are: operant conditioning and visual paired comparison procedure. The methods used to study infants’ recall memory are: deferred imitation technique and elicited imitation technique (Barr, Dowden, Hayne, 1996). Methods used to study adults: paired asso ciate learning, recognition, free recall, and detection paradigm. Paired associate learning is a technique that involves learning to associate one item with another. Free recall involves asking subjects to learn some words. The subjects are then asked to recall the items. Detection paradigm tests the ability to remember visual information. This paper discussed memory in detail. Memory is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the process by which information is coded, stored and retrieved. Encoding involves the conversion of sensory stimuli into forms that can be stored. Storage is the process of forming long term mental records of the information. Retrieval is the process of extracting information from memory. Memory can be classified into sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Long term memory is the storehouse of knowledge about our surroundings. Memory can be enhanced using techniques such as rehearsal, paying attention, use of mnemonics, and active pa rticipation. Active participation is thought to be better than rehearsal. Memory can be tested using various techniques. The techniques used to test infants are different from those used to test older children and adults. This is due to the fact that infants cannot verbalize what they have learned. In infants, recognition memory and recall memory are tested separately. Therefore, it is difficult to study children. References Barr, R., Dowden, A., Hayne, H. (1996). Developmental changes in deferred imitation by 6- to 24-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 159–170. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci, 24(1), 87–114. Ellenbogen et al. (2006). Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference. Curr. Biol., 16 (13), 1290–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.024 Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., Mangun, G. (1998). Cognitive n euroscience: The  biology of the mind. London: Norton.

Childless Couples Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Childless Couples - Research Paper Example This essay would further revolve around couples with and without children and would provide the advantages and disadvantages of not having children. Couples who do not have children believe that they are better off without them as they can be happier this way. The advantages of not having children revolve around the expenses and nature of the child as he is born in this world. Nurturing and taking care of a child requires a lot of effort and this is considered stressful by many of the couples. Parenting requires effort in looking forward to every need of the child which becomes difficult for some of the couples (Chapati 2009). A professor of psychology states that immediately after marriage the couples get quite happy but later onwards after the couples bear a child the level of contentment drops. But he also asserts that married people are happier than the unmarried people because of the closeness that is involved in the relationship. He states "Figures show that married people are in almost every way happier than unmarried people – whether they are single, divorced, cohabiting". According to the professor when a couple is expecting a child the level of happiness rises high enough but as soon as the child is born the level of happiness descends. ... The psychologists analyze as to how couples get unhappy in these instances of child bearing (Devlin 2008). Another study carried out in Britain lately by British attitudes shows that married couples without children were the most happiest of all in terms of relationships. The research was backed by the Economic and Social Research Council and it showed that older couples were more discontent with their marriage than their young counterparts. The research also found that the couples became unhappy when their child was in a pre-school age. However after the child grew up into adolescence the relationship was healthy enough to be controlled. This clearly shows that child bearing couples have to face many problems unlike their counterparts who do not have to face the problems associated with child bearing (Martin 2011). A study also found that not bearing a child is also associated with better diet in childless couples. The study also found that the couples who had children ate a less he althy diet than their counterparts. The study in the agricultural economics found that the childless couples tend to consume more fruits and healthy food than their counterparts. The amount of meat consumed by the childless couples was also right whereas the ones with child consumed more of the dairy products. A professor from the University of Reading stated that â€Å"For whatever reason, the social dynamic in a household with children makes the diet on average more unhealthy.† This clearly shows that the childless couples have an edge in terms of diet over their counterparts. This again is considered as an advantage for those who do not bear a child (Bakalar

Landscape design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Landscape design - Essay Example We have civilization because we are able to distort the natural environment for our benefit. Functional landscapes are those that necessitate few resources in order to be maintained. The landscaping boom of the twentieth century in rural and urban environments altered the land through the use of supplementary resources. "Currently, we frequently select plants that are not highly adapted to dry climate regions and need regular care and attention to perform well" (ATTN). Since the onset of Conservation campaigns of the 1980s, we are quickly finding that the most functional landscapes are those whose native state has remained intact. The native species and their particular interactions with water, light, and soil in Mediterranean climates are those that landscape architects are returning to now, for their inherent ability to succeed in arid or semi-arid environments with relatively little rainfall. The ability to design functional landscapes around the parameters of native environments is the landscaper's role in sustainability. In order to be considered functional and sustainable, design concepts in both rural and urban areas should be guided by bioregionalism. Bioregionalism is the idea that life species native to specific regions or microclimates are those suited to the given environment. The coupling of those life systems and its environment creates a self-sustaining ecosystem and necessitates no use of additional resources. The scientific concept of bioregionalism is used in practice for landscape architects and known as green landscape design. Green landscape design is a sub-discipline of landscape design. Like green building, it is setting a new, more environmentally friendly standard for its parent field. The field generally emphasizes the use of native plants to restore or maintain natural habitats and the healthy functioning of ecosystems. (Kravitz 2006) The methods taken at the initial planning stages determine the forthcoming sustainability of the areas altered. Responsible techniques taken at the design stage will ensure that while alterations in landscape take place, it is with little or no detriment to the land's natural state. During this architectural conception, the landscaper must endeavor to maintain the integrity of the natural ecosystem. A benefit of returning landscapes to their natural states is that few natural resources are needed. Watering and supplemented nutrients like mulch and fertilizers are kept to a minimum. This principle encompasses a landscape designer's use of xeriscaping, turfgrasses, hardscaping, plant location, and plant selection. Soil nutrition and water conservation are part of the bioregion to consider. Designers reconstruct landscapes using their natural biology. The ability to maintain constructed landscapes with minimal additional resources is the concept of a sustainable/functional environment. Xeriscaping Xeriscaping is an ideal technique within Mediterranean climates and its microclimates. The process is carried out by using drought tolerant plants. The potential in xeriscaping evolves from the choice of flora. The use of drought tolerant plants conserves water; these are often the native species that occur within the arid Mediterranean climate. In this, xeriscaping is dually advantageous. Less water is needed for

Life And Work Of Edward Lee Thorndike Philosophy Essay

Life And Work Of Edward Lee Thorndike Philosophy Essay Edward Lee Thorndike was an iconic America psychologist that strived during the latter years of the 1800s into the mid 1900s. Edward Thorndike was not just a psychologist but an influential educator, lexicographer and striving educational researcher (State University, 2010). He is often referred to as the founder of educational psychology. Edward Thorndike was born on August 31, 1874 in a small town in Williamsburg, Massachusetts (Joncich, 1968). He was the son of a clergy man Edward Roberts Thorndike and Abigail Brewster Ladd. Thorndike was a successor of a family line that resided in New England since the 1630s (Joncich, 1968). Edward Thorndike was part of a bloodline from a very notable family. A family that consisted of accomplished pioneers that strived for excellence and superiority. As would be anticipated from growing up in a household of a minister, Thorndike was expected to strive for excellence. With having an estimated IQ of nearly 200, Thorndike had no problems succeeding academically (State University, 2010). He was nothing short of a perfect model for the congregation. Scholarships were awarded to Thorndike due to his outstanding grades and academic achievements. Scholarships are what made college possible for him during this uneasy time. In 1891, Thorndike graduated from The Roxbury Latin School which was located in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. Following his graduation from The Roxbury Latin School, he attended Wesleyan University where he would begin his college career. He graduated from Wesleyan University in the fall of 1895 with a Bachelor of Science. Soon following his completion of his undergraduate work, he attended Harvard University. During his time at Harvard he worked to achieve yet another undergraduate degree as well as his Masters in Psychology. He graduated with his Masters in Psychology in 1897. It wasnt much time after that he attended Columbia University where he would complete his Doctoral work in Psychology. He completed his doctoral work in Psychology in 1898, merely a year after his completion of his Master Degree from Harvard. (Joncich, 1968) During his time at Columbia University he met a very influential and respectable person know as James Mckeen Cattell. As the next several years progressed, Cattell served as a very influential mentor for Thorndike. With the support of Cattell, Thorndike wrote his 1898 doctoral thesis Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (Thorndike, 1898). This groundbreaking thesis is thought to be the foundation of animal behavior but would not be the last of the other many works yet to come by Edward Thorndike. After his graduation from Columbia University in 1898, Thorndike taught at the College for Women of Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio (Joncich, 1968). This teaching job did not suit him because he was soon back at Colombia University teaching psychology. This would be the university where Thorndike would remain for the rest of his career and essentially conduct his other famous works in Psychology. Before passing away on August 9, 1949 at the age of 74, Thorndikes achieved many notable accomplishments. During his 55-year career, he published about 500 books and articles on diverse as learning in fish, methods of statistical analysis and the elements of aesthetic quality in urban life. As his continuous research was unfolding he was the President of the American Psychological Association, 2nd President of Psychometric Society and President of American Association for the Advancement of Science. In brief, his notable work includes the study of animal intelligence (cats in the puzzle box regarding Trial and Error), applied animal to human educational experience followed by a constructed scale to measure childrens handwriting and a table of word-frequency in English. (Indiana University, 2007) It is important to note that in order for Edward Thorndike to pursue the field of psychology as well as be successful in this field, he had to go against that of the teachings of the church. It is ironic because as the son of a minister, it would be expected that he would have conformed to that of the congregation. However, he chose to lead his own life and strive for excellence in a field of work that stuck him as interesting. In order for Thorndike to succeed in the field of psychology, he had to break the realm of religion and turn his focus to the laboratory and science. For that time, it was something that was frowned upon especially from the standpoint of a minister. Regardless, Thorndike said that science was, the only sure foundation for social progress (State University, 2010). With that being said and looking back on history, it could easily be perceived how and why his thinking was correct. Through the remainder of this paper, it is essential that we go into greater detail on specific accomplishments that Edward Thorndike achieved. Specifically we will look at connectionism, adult learning and Thorndikes view on education. Although these are only three of the many accomplishments Thorndike had achieved in his time, they are the more influential and greatest impacting on psychology. Essentially, its part of the true legacy of contributions that Edward Thorndike left upon the field of psychology and will continue to leave for many years to come. As mentioned previously Thorndike was a very influential person to the field of psychology which leads me into my first area of concentration which is connectionism. According to a definition provided by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, connectionism is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks (also known as neural networks or neural nets). Neural networks are simplified models of the brain composed of large numbers of units (the analogs of neurons) together with weights that measure the strength of connections between the units. These weights model the effects of the synapses that link one neuron to another. Experiments on models of this kind have demonstrated an ability to learn such skills as face recognition, reading, and the detection of simple grammatical structure. According to information compiled through research, Thorndike viewed connectionism as through experience neural bond s or connections were formed between perceived stimuli and emitted responses; therefore, intellect facilitated the formation of the neural bonds (Indiana University, 2007). When looking at connectionism in regards to Thorndikes research, it is relatively still a broad topic. To get a better idea of what connectionism and Thorndikes notable contributions are to the field of Psychology, it is essential to focus on his cat puzzle box studies. The puzzle box studies with cats dealt primarily with the ideology behind how cats learned to escape. The cats ability of learning to escape the puzzle box that Thorndike would structure and create a psychological concept known as the law of effect. From the law of effect would later come law of recency and law of exercise which will both be discussed later in greater detail. First it is important to understand the law of effect which is essentially the foundation for the formulation of his other two laws. The law of effect states that responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; and responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened (Indiana University, 2007). What this definition is saying is that when a situation is presented and is followed by an outcome that is satisfying then that event will be positively associated with that response. This would also lead to believe that this event will later occur again. The effect also works in the opposite sense where if a situation is followed by a non satisfying outcome then the link between the event and the outcome is weakened. This would consequently lead Thorndike to believe that the association was weakened and will most likely not occur in the same degree as an event with a satisfying outcome. In correlation to Thorndikes law of effect arose his law of recency. The law of recency states that a response that happens most recent will act as a model for future events of similar nature. For example if I go to buy a soda at a soda machine located in the building of Old Main and the soda machine fails to vend my drink, I will most likely not return to that soda machine due to my recent experience I had with it. The effect also works the same way in the opposite manner as if I would have received the soda. In essence, I focus my future experiences on my most recent experiences. The final law that Thorndike specified was known as the law of exercise. According to the University of Indiana, the law of exercise states that stimulus-response connections that are repeated are strengthened, and stimulus-response connections that are not used are weakened. In other words, the more you continually use the stimulus-response relations the more likely the connection between the two will be strengthened. A simple example of this would be studying for a test. I study for the test for a half hour every night and when I took the initial test I got an A. Every time after I followed the same routine and received an A therefore I will continue to study in that same manner. The stimulus, knowing I have a test that I need to study for and actually studying in that specified manner that got me the A before, and the response getting the A once again, strengthens. To focus back once again on connectionism and Thorndikes cat studies, it is important to note the results he obtained. He hypothesized that if a cat was showing insight he would see an abrupt drop in the learning curve and if the cat was using trial and error it would show gradual curves. Thorndike found that cats did use trial and error learning because his results concluded gradual curves. He supported this by saying that the reasoning is due to the fact that cats made connections between the puzzle box and the ways of escaping. This supported his idea of stimulus-response relationships, more so, all of the ideology behind his three laws. The law of effect would state that the cat escaped in a certain way thus creating a satisfying reward. The cat would then use this same method of escape, the law of recency. By doing this time and time again the cat strengthened the stimulus-response connection therefore showing the law of exercise. Interestingly B.F. Skinner would reformulate Tho rndikes methodology and ideology in order to create what he called operant conditioning. Essentially, Thorndike created a concept that was not only reflected his theories but proved to be fundamentally important to gain insight into other areas of psychology. The next area of significant contribution by Edward Thorndike in the field of psychology was adult learning. Thorndike was interested in constructing a system in which he could measure intelligence among adults. Shorty after his research began in this area, in the year of 1903, Thorndike, accompanied by his student, were able to successfully measure intelligence. From this they were able to expand into more detailed oriented techniques that would set the stage for the modern intelligence tests which we use today. During World War I, Thorndike worked hand in hand with the United States Army in order to develop of system that would establish qualifications of new recruits. These tests would be known as Alpha and Beta, the true precursor to the modern day ASVAB tests. During World War I, Alpha tests were administered to those who the Army believed knew how to read while Beta tests were administered to those who lack literacy. These test used primarily pictures accompanied with graphs, both of which could be easily assessed. (Indiana University, 2007) Based off Thorndikes original tests, he created for the United States Army, came his greater detailed and directed intelligence tests of the 1920s. Thorndike was quoted as saying Instruction should pursue specified, socially useful goals. (Joncich, 1968). In addition to that being said he also believed that learning didnt start to diminish until the age of 35 and from that only at a rate at 1 percent per year, which by looking at is well into adulthood. Therefore this would explain his reasoning behind why he would choose to study adult learning. Referring back to Thorndikes intelligence tests of the 1920s, came directive tests, similar to what those he was referring to in above referenced quote. This test is known as CAVD which stands for completion, arithmetic, vocabulary, and directions test. Additional, latter research had shown the speed and accuracy of which a individual is capable of learning declines not the actual ability to learn, as Thorndike thought. (Thorndike, 1928) In furthering the discussion on intelligence tests, Thorndike went another step further to state that there are three types of intelligence functioning. This would include abstract intelligence, mechanical intelligence and social intelligence. Abstract intelligence is encompassed with 4 sub-areas which are altitude, width, area and speed. According to the University of Indiana, altitude is the complexity or difficulty of tasks one can perform, width is referred to as the variety of tasks of a given difficulty, area as a function of width and altitude and speed as the number of task one can complete in a given time. All of which, when looked at as a whole, make up one of the 4 sub-areas of intelligence. On the other hand mechanical intelligence is knowing the relationship an object has to its environment and how it operate in that environment. Finally, social intelligence is more straight forward by stating that the individual has the capability of performing well in its surroundings on a interpersonal level. As a whole, Thorndikes in-depth approach that included his many classes of intelligence was what actually created an opposition to his work. An opposing view to his intelligence theory was illustrated another well-known psychologist, Charles Spearmen. Spearmen sparked a debate that intelligence is not made up of many factors but rather on one. He referred to this one-dimensional factor as g. In addition to adult learning, it is also important to look at Thorndikes other attributions to learning. An influential approach that Thorndike took to learning was his theory of rewards and punishments. Thorndikes laws of learning, that were mentioned and explained earlier, are very closely correlated with how Thorndike describes rewards and punishments. Thorndikes early views look at stimulus and responses in the manner that one strengthens connections while the other diminishes connections. However, Thorndikes later understandings showed that this was actually incorrect. He then reasoned that punishments do not get weaker as reward connections get stronger. Even stranger, Thorndike mentioned that punishing response will actually increase the chance that an undesired response will reoccur at another point in time. This is completely contradictory of his previous thoughts on stimulus and response and a perfect example of how the field of psychology rapidly changes. In addition to being focused on theories of learning, Thorndike was also very concerned with the ways statistics were measured and recorded. It was the inspiration for his book called An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements. In addition to this book, Thorndike started the first course at a higher education school to offer educational measurement. To Thorndike, everything could be measured, very similar to how a mathematician would look at math problems. From his course and his book, Thorndike pioneered the use of description and numbers in psychology which later means of measurement would follow and expand upon. Fundamentally this work is yet another one of Thorndikes major evolutionary contributions to the field of psychology. In addition to Thorndikes movement on learning came his approach to human differences. He concluded that although humans may seem alike, they are different in basically every aspect. He was quoted saying It is useless to recount the traits in which men have been found to differ, for there is not trait in which they do not differ (Thorndike, 1911). Psychology essentially needs to go in the direction of individualism, specifically looking at each persons mind not the mind as a whole. Thorndike even went further with this school of thought to explain it in a rationale on how it relates to universal learning. The practical consequences of the fact of individual differences is that every general law of teaching has to be applied with consideration of the particular personthe responses of children to any stimulus will not be invariable like the responses of atoms of hydrogen or the filings of iron, but will vary with their individual capacities, interests, and previous experience (Thorndik e, 1906). Basically it all boils down to genetics and the inequalities that humans face. Along with Edward Thorndikes key theoretical beliefs come his everlasting impressions through the vast number of books he wrote, especially the books that referenced his view of learning. Thorndike is noted with writing three different books which would aid educational facilitators in their classroom. These books go on to illustrate the uses of words and the reasons words are used in the English language. He felt that his list of words need to be stored and are essential while other only need to be understood temporarily, then forgotten. In addition to his three educational books for teachers there are also several other books that appeared earlier and are still an influential part of psychology today. Even though each of these works were mentioned earlier in this paper, it is still vital to mention them from a reference standpoint. Thorndikes other books include Educational Psychology (1903), Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904), The Elements of Psychology (1905), and Animal Intelligence (1911). Although this is not a full comprehensive list of all of Thorndikes works, it is a list that references his more influential works on the field of psychology. As touched upon throughout this paper, Edward Thorndike has a legacy that will continue to live on in the field of psychology many years to come. Looking at his influence in learning alone is enough to see how influential he was and still is. A great example is how his stimulus response relationship, in regards to the law of effect, would be used as a language for other influential psychologists of their time such as Clark Hull and B.F. Skinner. They evolved his theory of the law of effect and essentially fused it into what they refer to as a reinforcement theory of learning. Even when looking at the broader scope of connectionism, his major contribution to psychology, which merely remained unchanged throughout his career. Edward Thorndike is an individual that is sometimes hard to fit historically into one distinct area of psychology. His initial animal research studys practiced characteristics which essentially lead to Watsonian behaviorism. He is an individual that influenced a wide range of other prominent psychologist that later followed in time. In addition it could be clearly seen that through Thorndikes animal studies and his findings on associations and connectionism, how later Psychologist such as Watson would pioneer behaviorism. However, Thorndike will remain to be considered as a comparative psychologist because of his contributions when looked at in a wider scope, (intelligence tests, learning, education and animal studies). As with any influential person comes criticism and Edward Thorndike is no different. As mentioned by the New World Encyclopedia, Thorndike faced two major criticisms. The first is the fact that Thorndikes approach restricted psychology by limiting behavior solely to the peripheral events of stimulus and response elements. In dismissing mental events, Thorndike also ignored the central mediation of stimulus and response bonds (New World Encyclopedia Online, 2010). What this is saying is that Thorndike focused primarily on behavior in regards to events in the environment that are of little importance. He based his stimulus and response relationships off these minute events. In addition, he also failed to recognize how important those bonds can be. The second critism according to New World Encyclopedia is in regards to his behaviorist theories, specifically the concern of reductionism. Reductionism is when the nature of complex things is reduced to the nature of sums of simpler or more fundamental things (New World Encyclopedia Online, 2010). In correlation to Thorndikes theories of behaviorism, the mind, behavior, and stimuli in the environment are all interrelated. Thorndike had also proposed many influential techniques and methods that would influence schools and universities till this day. Thorndikes continued efforts on the improvements of institutions, allowed them to fundamentally maximize the learning process. In addition to his recognition in academic institutions, he was also recognized with many prestigious honors and awards in the areas of American and international science and education. However, one of his more prestigious awards is the Butler Medal. This was an award issued by the university where he practiced and formulated his theories of great influence. This award was given in recognition of his exceptionally significant contributions to the general problem of the measurement of human faculty and to the applications of such measurements to education (Joncich, 1968). Simply that goes to show and summarizes perfectly what a historical and contributional individual Edward Thorndike was to the field of Psychology. Throughout this paper we focused on a wide range of ideas and theories that Edward Thorndike contributed to Psychology as a whole. Since this paper went into specific detail and elaborated on a wide range of topics, it is essential to go back and summarize the basic overview of Edward Thorndikes learning theories and contributions. In an effort to bring together what was talked about and to bridge the gaps of uncertainty and or confusion the reader may have. As the paper progressed we looked at Thorndikes trial and error learning. How learning needs to occur in steps rather than all at once. This then lead us directly into several of Thorndikes laws which included the law of exercise, law of effect, and the law of readiness. The more you do something the more likely you will continue to do that behavior thus the law of effect and exercise. In order to enact on the previous two law the individual has to be ready to do so, thus, known as the law of readiness. We also went on to talk about a person as an individual and how people need to be looked at in an individualistic manner. This further correlated directly with how Thorndike proposed educational institutions should function. Finally, understanding the impact Thorndike has on some of the pioneering forms of intelligence testing both in the United States Army and in the classroom. Nevertheless, not forgetting the work Thorndike established in regards to the first ways to measure mental and social theories. A fundamental stepping stone that latter systems of measure would follow and build upon. Hopefully now it could be clearly seen why Edward L. Thorndike was such a contributional and influential individual to the field of psychology. Throughout his 55 year career researching and studying psychology, Thorndike wrote over 500 books and articles. More so, he wrote in a diverse way which encompassed ideas such as learning in fish, systems for measurement of mental and social data, and even right down to the aesthetic quality of urban life. This was all in addition to his work with cats in a puzzle box regarding trail and error learning, his research pertaining to the development of his book called Educational Psychology, and educational experience as a whole. To say the least, Edward Thorndike was far from a one dimensional person. He was taught by the great William James and J.M. Cattell. He taught scholars like Walter Bingham, R.L. Thorndike and L.S. Hollingsworth. Most importantly made a lasting impression on individuals such as David Wechsler and R.B. Cattell as well as you and I. Now looking at some of those names and the life that Thorndike made for himself, it could be understood why he is known as one of the greatest psychologist of his time. More importantly, paving the way for a better understanding on how and why his work has influenced and is still a part of the modern field of psychology. On August 9, 1949 Edward L. Thorndike passed away from old age. He left behind his widowed wife, Elizabeth Moulton who he wed in 1900 and his four children. This was not only a sad day for his family but for the field of psychology as well. They both knew that they lost a husband, a father and very significant scholar to the field of psychology. His legacy will never be forgotten and his contributions will continue to live on. Hopefully this paper has captured your understanding of his everlasting legacy.

Media Controls Your Mind

Media Controls Your Mind The media has a greater effect on America's popular culture than most people realize. Americans are always â€Å"plugged in,† and our access to media has a greater effect on our choices than ever before. People must learn that Just because something is being reported in the media does not mean it is true. This lesson goes all the way back to the beginning of â€Å"modern media,† starting with the television. One cannot trust everything he sees being advertised.Most advertisements are overly exaggerated and sometimes manipulative, Just to persuade consumers to buy a product, vote a certain way, or believe in a certain thing. For instance, in the 1930s America's first â€Å"drug czar† Harry J. Anslinger began one of the world's greatest public relations campaigns to demonize marijuana by telling apparent lies to society, such as marijuana is more harmful to the body than alcohol and tobacco. Seventy years later people still believe the lies even after decades of scientific proof.Because media can have significant influences on our opinions, the American public as a whole need to be more aware of it on a daily basis. The media has a responsibility to use only truthful explanations as opposed to exaggeration when arguing against the egalization of marijuana. The campaigns that Anslinger designed consisted of many movies, musicals, and advertisements, all aimed at demonizing the usage of marijuana. His main argument against the use of marijuana was that smoking it could drive a person insane. Every single one of his claims omitted some very important facts, which made the advertisements misleading.Study after study over the years has proved that marijuana is way less dangerous than alcohol or tobacco, and it is not a â€Å"gateway drug† leading to the usage of other drugs. For example in the article posted by Paul Armentano he says, â€Å"In the United States alone, an estimated 79,000 lives are lost annually due to excessive drinking. † Anslinger promoted these false claims to the general public for the sole reason of making sure that marijuana remained illegal. He even tried to say that a kid from Florida killed his father, mother, two brothers, and sister was due to his newly formed habit of smoking marijuana.That was a very far- fetched claim, even for those who supported keeping marijuana illegal. But, it did stick with a vast majority of people, and to this day marijuana is still illegal in almost every state. However, the longstanding tradition of keeping it illegal is slowly changing. As of the most recent election, there are eighteen states in the U. S. that have legalized the plant for medicinal usage, and two states, Washington and Colorado, have recently legalized the recreational usage of the plant as well.One would think after 70 years of proven studies on marijuana that more states would have made efforts to legalize marijuana by now. Keeping marijuana illegal due to it s â€Å"dangerous† effects seems especially hypocritical, in light of the fatalities that are associated with alcohol and tobacco use every year. Four percent of all deaths in America annually are due to the consumption of alcohol. To this day there has not Magazine â€Å"No one has ever died of THC [marijuana] poisoning, mostly because a 160- lb. person would have to smoke roughly 900 Joints in a sitting to reach a lethal dose. In light of that statistic, it is astonishing that alcohol is used so casually every day by millions of people, yet marijuana remains illegal. In my opinion I think that alcohol should be illegal not cannabis. The mass media should be obligated to present factual information and not over exaggerate claims on behalf of marijuana, because he public needs to know the truth. Every citizen has the right to unbiased, truthful information, and we should be able to trust the media to give this information to us.One of the 1930 anti-mariJuana advertisements t hat was particularly inaccurate was an advertisement with images degrading anything associated with marijuana. It showed a devil in the background with the weasel words â€Å"sin,† â€Å"vice,† â€Å"insanity,† and ‘degradation† scattered around the fgure. It also has a Joint in the middle with the words â€Å"the smoke of hell†. That is obviously promoting exaggerated and inaccurate nformation to someone who has not been able to get both sides of the story. Back when this advertisement was made the â€Å"Ethos† portrayed would be a lot different nowadays..In the 1930s that ad had Just enough credibility to the average citizen to persuade them to agree because a majority of the popular culture was not educated on the subject. A person uneducated on the subject will be easily persuaded into believing that marijuana is dangerous, without understanding the full picture. Using the devil's image to promote anti-mariJuana beliefs is like usin g God's image when selling a product. If one has to use either of those images in an advertisement, he must be really desperate to sell or promote something because there are a lot of other less suggestive images that could be used.However, the message to refrain from smoking marijuana is not completely inaccurate either, especially in states where it remains illegal. A good reason to stay away from marijuana is that it is simply illegal, and no one wants to go to Jail. Other people believe that cannabis should only be used if it is absolutely needed for medicinal reasons. Smoking cannabis impairs your ability to function normally and do daily activities, such as driving. The effects are not as strong as alcohol but can still be enough to be considered being impaired.The effects of smoking tobacco are more minor than the effects of alcohol and marijuana, and therefore daily use of the product is more acceptable. Even though it may cause long-term health effects, cigarettes can be sm oked daily without causing any harm to other people. It is understandable why these products are still legal in the United States, because it is hard to change the law after many years of selling the product. Our government would lose a lot of money if either alcohol or tobacco were illegal because of the pecial tax that many states levy on cigarettes.And the government is mainly focused on clearing their debt, and that would be detrimental towards the economy. They also provide thousands of Jobs to citizens. The alcohol and tobacco industries contribute significant tax revenues to the federal, state, and local governments. In conclusion, the choice to support the legalization of marijuana is influenced by many factors, including religion, family, and values. However, it is also influenced by the media and the media's portray of marijuana as a dangerous substance.If the edia is going to play such an important role in affecting our choices, it should have mass media did not realize t hat what is shown to the popular culture on a daily basis could be so influential no matter how untruthful the advertisements might be. It is not fair for the government to know more information than society. So to be able to instill truthfulness the mass media cannot promote exaggerated claims like the one I mentioned earlier. Once an advertisement is out there, there is no getting it back. The media should be responsible for promoting truthful claims to society so that we an all prosper in life like we all should.Work Cited â€Å"Legal history of cannabis in the United States. † www. wikipedia. com. Wikipedia, 02 2012. web. 5 NOV 2012. Lutz, William. â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything. † Exploring Language. pg. 207-215. print. O'neil, Tom. â€Å"The Language of Advertising. † Exploring Language. pg. 207-215. Print. Miller, Scott. â€Å"History of Marijuana. † www. newslinetheatre. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. Wilson, Jacque. â€Å"The Highs and Lows of Using Marijuana. † kvue. com. CNN, Nov 1 1, 2012 Explain To Me Again Why Pot Is Illegal?. † norm. org. NOVI 2011.

Jahrod

Textbooks vs. Tablets Jahrod Meyers Central Carolina Technical College Topic:Should tablets replace textbooks in K-12 schools? Specific Purpose:Explaining the advantages and the disadvantages Thesis Statement:Publishing for the K-12 school market is an $8 billion industry, with three companies – McGraw-Hill, Pearson, and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – capturing about 85% of this market. Tablets are a $35 billion industry with roughly one in three adults owning a tablet. As tablets have become more prevalent, a new debate has formed over whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digital textbooks on tablets.Introduction A 4GB tablet filled with 3,500 e-books weighs a billionth of a billionth of a gram more than if it were empty of data – a difference that is approximately the same weight as a molecule of DNA. The same number of physical books would weigh about two tons. In San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles, robberies related to intern et-enabled handheld devices (including tablets) have accounted for 50, 40, and 25 percent respectively of all robberies in 2012. Manufacturing one tablet requires the extraction of 33 pounds of minerals, 79 gallons of water, and 100 kilowatt hours of fossil fuels resulting in 66 pounds of carbon dioxide.Students who used an interactive, digital version of an Algebra 1 textbook for Apple's iPad in California's Riverside Unified School District in 2012 scored 20 percent higher on standardized tests vs. students who learned with print textbooks. During the 2011-12 school year more than 13,700 US children, aged 5 to 18, were treated in hospitals and doctors' offices for backpack-related injuries such as contusions, sprains, fractures, and strains to the back and shoulders. Transition:getting into the pros and cons. Body I. PRO Tablet a. Tablets help students learn more material faster. b.Tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks on one device, plus homework, quizzes, and other files, elimi nating the need for physical storage of books and classroom materials. c. E-textbooks on tablets cost on average 50-60% less than print textbooks. d. Tablets help students better prepare for a world immersed in technology. II. CON Tablet a. Tablets have too many distractions for classroom use. b. Many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets. c. The average battery life of a tablet is 7. 26 hours, shorter than the length of a school day. d. Tablets shift the focus of learning from the teacher to the technology. * Transition:In closing, â€Å"Computers are getting smarter all the time. Scientists tell us that soon they will be able to talk to us. (And by ‘they’, I mean ‘computers’. I doubt scientists will ever be able to talk to us. )† Dave Barry. Conclusion I. Opponents of tablets say that they are expensive, too distracting for students, easy to break, and costly/time-consuming to fix. They say that tablets contribute t o eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision, increase the excuses available for students not doing their homework, require costly Wi-Fi networks, and become quickly outdated as new technologies are released.II. Proponents of tablets say that they are supported by most teachers and students, are much lighter than print textbooks, and improve standardized test scores. They say that tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks, save the environment by lowering the amount of printing, increase student interactivity and creativity, and that digital textbooks are cheaper than print textbooks. III. 43% of Americans read online books, magazines, or newspapers. Amazon announced in July 2010 that e-books were outselling paper books, and a July 2012 report by the Association of American Publishers showed that e-book revenue IV. xceeded that of hardcover books for the first time ever. 80% of publishers now produce e-books. While e-books sales rose 117% from 2010 to 2011, the print book business declin ed 2. 5% in 2011 to $27. 2 billion from $27. 9 billion in 2010. However, over 90% of educational textbooks are still read on paper, and only 30% of textbook titles are available electronically. V. I feel that transfer to tablets isn't a bad idea. Considering you will only have to keep up with the tablet and not 5-6 different books for one class. It will also help the children in K-12 to learn and soon master technology

Why Is Light Blue Is the National Color of Italy

Azzurro (literally, azure) is the national  color of Italy. The light blue color, together with the tricolor flag, is a symbol of Italy. Why Blue? The origins of the color date back to 1366, when  Conte Verde, Amedeo VI of Savoy, displayed a large blue flag in tribute to the Madonna  on his flagship, next to the banner of Savoy, while on a crusade organized by Pope Urbano V. He used that opportunity to proclaim azzurro as the national color.   From that time forward, military officers wore a blue-knotted sash or scarf. In 1572, such use was made mandatory for all officers by Duke Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy. Through several changes over the centuries, it became the chief insignia of rank. The blue sash is still worn by officers of the Italian armed forces during ceremonies. The Italian presidential banner is bordered in azzurro, too (in heraldry, the color signifies law and command). Also in tribute to religious figures, the ribbon of the Supreme Order of the Santissima Annunziata, the highest Italian chivalric ensign (and among the oldest in Europe) was light blue, and blue ribbons are used in the military for certain medals (such as the Medaglia dOro al Valor Militare and Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare). Forza Azzurri! During the twentieth century,  azzurro was adopted as the official color of athletic jerseys for national Italian teams. The Italian national soccer team, as a tribute to the Royal House of Italy, wore blue shirts for the first time in January 1911, and the maglietta azzurra quickly become the symbol of the sport. The color took several years to establish itself as part of the uniform for other national teams. In fact, during the 1912 Olympic Games, the most popular color remained white and persisted, even though the Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano  recommended the new jersey. Only during the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles did all Italian athletes wear blue. The national football team also briefly wore black shirts  as demanded by  Benito Mussolini. This shirt was used in a friendly game with Yugoslavia in May 1938 and during the first two World Cup matches that year  against Norway and France. After the war, even though the monarchy was ousted in Italy and the Italian Republic was born, blue uniforms were kept for national sports (but the royal crest of Savoia was eliminated). Its worth noting that the color also frequently serves as the nickname for national Italian sports teams. Gli Azzurri refers to the Italian national soccer, rugby, and ice hockey teams, and the Italian ski team as a whole is referred to as the Valanga Azzurra (Blue Avalanche). The female form, Le Azzurre, is likewise used to refer to Italian womens national teams. The only Italian sports team that doesnt use a blue shirt for its national team (with some exceptions)  is cycling. Ironically, there is an Azzurri dItalia award in the Giro dItalia in which points are awarded for the top three stage finishers. Its similar to the standard points classification for which the leader and final winner are awarded the red jersey but no jersey is awarded for this classification—only a cash prize to the overall winner.