Life And Work Of Edward Lee Thorndike Philosophy Essay

Life And Work Of Edward Lee Thorndike Philosophy Essay Edward Lee Thorndike was an iconic America psychologist that strived during the latter years of the 1800s into the mid 1900s. Edward Thorndike was not just a psychologist but an influential educator, lexicographer and striving educational researcher (State University, 2010). He is often referred to as the founder of educational psychology. Edward Thorndike was born on August 31, 1874 in a small town in Williamsburg, Massachusetts (Joncich, 1968). He was the son of a clergy man Edward Roberts Thorndike and Abigail Brewster Ladd. Thorndike was a successor of a family line that resided in New England since the 1630s (Joncich, 1968). Edward Thorndike was part of a bloodline from a very notable family. A family that consisted of accomplished pioneers that strived for excellence and superiority. As would be anticipated from growing up in a household of a minister, Thorndike was expected to strive for excellence. With having an estimated IQ of nearly 200, Thorndike had no problems succeeding academically (State University, 2010). He was nothing short of a perfect model for the congregation. Scholarships were awarded to Thorndike due to his outstanding grades and academic achievements. Scholarships are what made college possible for him during this uneasy time. In 1891, Thorndike graduated from The Roxbury Latin School which was located in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. Following his graduation from The Roxbury Latin School, he attended Wesleyan University where he would begin his college career. He graduated from Wesleyan University in the fall of 1895 with a Bachelor of Science. Soon following his completion of his undergraduate work, he attended Harvard University. During his time at Harvard he worked to achieve yet another undergraduate degree as well as his Masters in Psychology. He graduated with his Masters in Psychology in 1897. It wasnt much time after that he attended Columbia University where he would complete his Doctoral work in Psychology. He completed his doctoral work in Psychology in 1898, merely a year after his completion of his Master Degree from Harvard. (Joncich, 1968) During his time at Columbia University he met a very influential and respectable person know as James Mckeen Cattell. As the next several years progressed, Cattell served as a very influential mentor for Thorndike. With the support of Cattell, Thorndike wrote his 1898 doctoral thesis Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (Thorndike, 1898). This groundbreaking thesis is thought to be the foundation of animal behavior but would not be the last of the other many works yet to come by Edward Thorndike. After his graduation from Columbia University in 1898, Thorndike taught at the College for Women of Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio (Joncich, 1968). This teaching job did not suit him because he was soon back at Colombia University teaching psychology. This would be the university where Thorndike would remain for the rest of his career and essentially conduct his other famous works in Psychology. Before passing away on August 9, 1949 at the age of 74, Thorndikes achieved many notable accomplishments. During his 55-year career, he published about 500 books and articles on diverse as learning in fish, methods of statistical analysis and the elements of aesthetic quality in urban life. As his continuous research was unfolding he was the President of the American Psychological Association, 2nd President of Psychometric Society and President of American Association for the Advancement of Science. In brief, his notable work includes the study of animal intelligence (cats in the puzzle box regarding Trial and Error), applied animal to human educational experience followed by a constructed scale to measure childrens handwriting and a table of word-frequency in English. (Indiana University, 2007) It is important to note that in order for Edward Thorndike to pursue the field of psychology as well as be successful in this field, he had to go against that of the teachings of the church. It is ironic because as the son of a minister, it would be expected that he would have conformed to that of the congregation. However, he chose to lead his own life and strive for excellence in a field of work that stuck him as interesting. In order for Thorndike to succeed in the field of psychology, he had to break the realm of religion and turn his focus to the laboratory and science. For that time, it was something that was frowned upon especially from the standpoint of a minister. Regardless, Thorndike said that science was, the only sure foundation for social progress (State University, 2010). With that being said and looking back on history, it could easily be perceived how and why his thinking was correct. Through the remainder of this paper, it is essential that we go into greater detail on specific accomplishments that Edward Thorndike achieved. Specifically we will look at connectionism, adult learning and Thorndikes view on education. Although these are only three of the many accomplishments Thorndike had achieved in his time, they are the more influential and greatest impacting on psychology. Essentially, its part of the true legacy of contributions that Edward Thorndike left upon the field of psychology and will continue to leave for many years to come. As mentioned previously Thorndike was a very influential person to the field of psychology which leads me into my first area of concentration which is connectionism. According to a definition provided by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, connectionism is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks (also known as neural networks or neural nets). Neural networks are simplified models of the brain composed of large numbers of units (the analogs of neurons) together with weights that measure the strength of connections between the units. These weights model the effects of the synapses that link one neuron to another. Experiments on models of this kind have demonstrated an ability to learn such skills as face recognition, reading, and the detection of simple grammatical structure. According to information compiled through research, Thorndike viewed connectionism as through experience neural bond s or connections were formed between perceived stimuli and emitted responses; therefore, intellect facilitated the formation of the neural bonds (Indiana University, 2007). When looking at connectionism in regards to Thorndikes research, it is relatively still a broad topic. To get a better idea of what connectionism and Thorndikes notable contributions are to the field of Psychology, it is essential to focus on his cat puzzle box studies. The puzzle box studies with cats dealt primarily with the ideology behind how cats learned to escape. The cats ability of learning to escape the puzzle box that Thorndike would structure and create a psychological concept known as the law of effect. From the law of effect would later come law of recency and law of exercise which will both be discussed later in greater detail. First it is important to understand the law of effect which is essentially the foundation for the formulation of his other two laws. The law of effect states that responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; and responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened (Indiana University, 2007). What this definition is saying is that when a situation is presented and is followed by an outcome that is satisfying then that event will be positively associated with that response. This would also lead to believe that this event will later occur again. The effect also works in the opposite sense where if a situation is followed by a non satisfying outcome then the link between the event and the outcome is weakened. This would consequently lead Thorndike to believe that the association was weakened and will most likely not occur in the same degree as an event with a satisfying outcome. In correlation to Thorndikes law of effect arose his law of recency. The law of recency states that a response that happens most recent will act as a model for future events of similar nature. For example if I go to buy a soda at a soda machine located in the building of Old Main and the soda machine fails to vend my drink, I will most likely not return to that soda machine due to my recent experience I had with it. The effect also works the same way in the opposite manner as if I would have received the soda. In essence, I focus my future experiences on my most recent experiences. The final law that Thorndike specified was known as the law of exercise. According to the University of Indiana, the law of exercise states that stimulus-response connections that are repeated are strengthened, and stimulus-response connections that are not used are weakened. In other words, the more you continually use the stimulus-response relations the more likely the connection between the two will be strengthened. A simple example of this would be studying for a test. I study for the test for a half hour every night and when I took the initial test I got an A. Every time after I followed the same routine and received an A therefore I will continue to study in that same manner. The stimulus, knowing I have a test that I need to study for and actually studying in that specified manner that got me the A before, and the response getting the A once again, strengthens. To focus back once again on connectionism and Thorndikes cat studies, it is important to note the results he obtained. He hypothesized that if a cat was showing insight he would see an abrupt drop in the learning curve and if the cat was using trial and error it would show gradual curves. Thorndike found that cats did use trial and error learning because his results concluded gradual curves. He supported this by saying that the reasoning is due to the fact that cats made connections between the puzzle box and the ways of escaping. This supported his idea of stimulus-response relationships, more so, all of the ideology behind his three laws. The law of effect would state that the cat escaped in a certain way thus creating a satisfying reward. The cat would then use this same method of escape, the law of recency. By doing this time and time again the cat strengthened the stimulus-response connection therefore showing the law of exercise. Interestingly B.F. Skinner would reformulate Tho rndikes methodology and ideology in order to create what he called operant conditioning. Essentially, Thorndike created a concept that was not only reflected his theories but proved to be fundamentally important to gain insight into other areas of psychology. The next area of significant contribution by Edward Thorndike in the field of psychology was adult learning. Thorndike was interested in constructing a system in which he could measure intelligence among adults. Shorty after his research began in this area, in the year of 1903, Thorndike, accompanied by his student, were able to successfully measure intelligence. From this they were able to expand into more detailed oriented techniques that would set the stage for the modern intelligence tests which we use today. During World War I, Thorndike worked hand in hand with the United States Army in order to develop of system that would establish qualifications of new recruits. These tests would be known as Alpha and Beta, the true precursor to the modern day ASVAB tests. During World War I, Alpha tests were administered to those who the Army believed knew how to read while Beta tests were administered to those who lack literacy. These test used primarily pictures accompanied with graphs, both of which could be easily assessed. (Indiana University, 2007) Based off Thorndikes original tests, he created for the United States Army, came his greater detailed and directed intelligence tests of the 1920s. Thorndike was quoted as saying Instruction should pursue specified, socially useful goals. (Joncich, 1968). In addition to that being said he also believed that learning didnt start to diminish until the age of 35 and from that only at a rate at 1 percent per year, which by looking at is well into adulthood. Therefore this would explain his reasoning behind why he would choose to study adult learning. Referring back to Thorndikes intelligence tests of the 1920s, came directive tests, similar to what those he was referring to in above referenced quote. This test is known as CAVD which stands for completion, arithmetic, vocabulary, and directions test. Additional, latter research had shown the speed and accuracy of which a individual is capable of learning declines not the actual ability to learn, as Thorndike thought. (Thorndike, 1928) In furthering the discussion on intelligence tests, Thorndike went another step further to state that there are three types of intelligence functioning. This would include abstract intelligence, mechanical intelligence and social intelligence. Abstract intelligence is encompassed with 4 sub-areas which are altitude, width, area and speed. According to the University of Indiana, altitude is the complexity or difficulty of tasks one can perform, width is referred to as the variety of tasks of a given difficulty, area as a function of width and altitude and speed as the number of task one can complete in a given time. All of which, when looked at as a whole, make up one of the 4 sub-areas of intelligence. On the other hand mechanical intelligence is knowing the relationship an object has to its environment and how it operate in that environment. Finally, social intelligence is more straight forward by stating that the individual has the capability of performing well in its surroundings on a interpersonal level. As a whole, Thorndikes in-depth approach that included his many classes of intelligence was what actually created an opposition to his work. An opposing view to his intelligence theory was illustrated another well-known psychologist, Charles Spearmen. Spearmen sparked a debate that intelligence is not made up of many factors but rather on one. He referred to this one-dimensional factor as g. In addition to adult learning, it is also important to look at Thorndikes other attributions to learning. An influential approach that Thorndike took to learning was his theory of rewards and punishments. Thorndikes laws of learning, that were mentioned and explained earlier, are very closely correlated with how Thorndike describes rewards and punishments. Thorndikes early views look at stimulus and responses in the manner that one strengthens connections while the other diminishes connections. However, Thorndikes later understandings showed that this was actually incorrect. He then reasoned that punishments do not get weaker as reward connections get stronger. Even stranger, Thorndike mentioned that punishing response will actually increase the chance that an undesired response will reoccur at another point in time. This is completely contradictory of his previous thoughts on stimulus and response and a perfect example of how the field of psychology rapidly changes. In addition to being focused on theories of learning, Thorndike was also very concerned with the ways statistics were measured and recorded. It was the inspiration for his book called An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements. In addition to this book, Thorndike started the first course at a higher education school to offer educational measurement. To Thorndike, everything could be measured, very similar to how a mathematician would look at math problems. From his course and his book, Thorndike pioneered the use of description and numbers in psychology which later means of measurement would follow and expand upon. Fundamentally this work is yet another one of Thorndikes major evolutionary contributions to the field of psychology. In addition to Thorndikes movement on learning came his approach to human differences. He concluded that although humans may seem alike, they are different in basically every aspect. He was quoted saying It is useless to recount the traits in which men have been found to differ, for there is not trait in which they do not differ (Thorndike, 1911). Psychology essentially needs to go in the direction of individualism, specifically looking at each persons mind not the mind as a whole. Thorndike even went further with this school of thought to explain it in a rationale on how it relates to universal learning. The practical consequences of the fact of individual differences is that every general law of teaching has to be applied with consideration of the particular personthe responses of children to any stimulus will not be invariable like the responses of atoms of hydrogen or the filings of iron, but will vary with their individual capacities, interests, and previous experience (Thorndik e, 1906). Basically it all boils down to genetics and the inequalities that humans face. Along with Edward Thorndikes key theoretical beliefs come his everlasting impressions through the vast number of books he wrote, especially the books that referenced his view of learning. Thorndike is noted with writing three different books which would aid educational facilitators in their classroom. These books go on to illustrate the uses of words and the reasons words are used in the English language. He felt that his list of words need to be stored and are essential while other only need to be understood temporarily, then forgotten. In addition to his three educational books for teachers there are also several other books that appeared earlier and are still an influential part of psychology today. Even though each of these works were mentioned earlier in this paper, it is still vital to mention them from a reference standpoint. Thorndikes other books include Educational Psychology (1903), Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904), The Elements of Psychology (1905), and Animal Intelligence (1911). Although this is not a full comprehensive list of all of Thorndikes works, it is a list that references his more influential works on the field of psychology. As touched upon throughout this paper, Edward Thorndike has a legacy that will continue to live on in the field of psychology many years to come. Looking at his influence in learning alone is enough to see how influential he was and still is. A great example is how his stimulus response relationship, in regards to the law of effect, would be used as a language for other influential psychologists of their time such as Clark Hull and B.F. Skinner. They evolved his theory of the law of effect and essentially fused it into what they refer to as a reinforcement theory of learning. Even when looking at the broader scope of connectionism, his major contribution to psychology, which merely remained unchanged throughout his career. Edward Thorndike is an individual that is sometimes hard to fit historically into one distinct area of psychology. His initial animal research studys practiced characteristics which essentially lead to Watsonian behaviorism. He is an individual that influenced a wide range of other prominent psychologist that later followed in time. In addition it could be clearly seen that through Thorndikes animal studies and his findings on associations and connectionism, how later Psychologist such as Watson would pioneer behaviorism. However, Thorndike will remain to be considered as a comparative psychologist because of his contributions when looked at in a wider scope, (intelligence tests, learning, education and animal studies). As with any influential person comes criticism and Edward Thorndike is no different. As mentioned by the New World Encyclopedia, Thorndike faced two major criticisms. The first is the fact that Thorndikes approach restricted psychology by limiting behavior solely to the peripheral events of stimulus and response elements. In dismissing mental events, Thorndike also ignored the central mediation of stimulus and response bonds (New World Encyclopedia Online, 2010). What this is saying is that Thorndike focused primarily on behavior in regards to events in the environment that are of little importance. He based his stimulus and response relationships off these minute events. In addition, he also failed to recognize how important those bonds can be. The second critism according to New World Encyclopedia is in regards to his behaviorist theories, specifically the concern of reductionism. Reductionism is when the nature of complex things is reduced to the nature of sums of simpler or more fundamental things (New World Encyclopedia Online, 2010). In correlation to Thorndikes theories of behaviorism, the mind, behavior, and stimuli in the environment are all interrelated. Thorndike had also proposed many influential techniques and methods that would influence schools and universities till this day. Thorndikes continued efforts on the improvements of institutions, allowed them to fundamentally maximize the learning process. In addition to his recognition in academic institutions, he was also recognized with many prestigious honors and awards in the areas of American and international science and education. However, one of his more prestigious awards is the Butler Medal. This was an award issued by the university where he practiced and formulated his theories of great influence. This award was given in recognition of his exceptionally significant contributions to the general problem of the measurement of human faculty and to the applications of such measurements to education (Joncich, 1968). Simply that goes to show and summarizes perfectly what a historical and contributional individual Edward Thorndike was to the field of Psychology. Throughout this paper we focused on a wide range of ideas and theories that Edward Thorndike contributed to Psychology as a whole. Since this paper went into specific detail and elaborated on a wide range of topics, it is essential to go back and summarize the basic overview of Edward Thorndikes learning theories and contributions. In an effort to bring together what was talked about and to bridge the gaps of uncertainty and or confusion the reader may have. As the paper progressed we looked at Thorndikes trial and error learning. How learning needs to occur in steps rather than all at once. This then lead us directly into several of Thorndikes laws which included the law of exercise, law of effect, and the law of readiness. The more you do something the more likely you will continue to do that behavior thus the law of effect and exercise. In order to enact on the previous two law the individual has to be ready to do so, thus, known as the law of readiness. We also went on to talk about a person as an individual and how people need to be looked at in an individualistic manner. This further correlated directly with how Thorndike proposed educational institutions should function. Finally, understanding the impact Thorndike has on some of the pioneering forms of intelligence testing both in the United States Army and in the classroom. Nevertheless, not forgetting the work Thorndike established in regards to the first ways to measure mental and social theories. A fundamental stepping stone that latter systems of measure would follow and build upon. Hopefully now it could be clearly seen why Edward L. Thorndike was such a contributional and influential individual to the field of psychology. Throughout his 55 year career researching and studying psychology, Thorndike wrote over 500 books and articles. More so, he wrote in a diverse way which encompassed ideas such as learning in fish, systems for measurement of mental and social data, and even right down to the aesthetic quality of urban life. This was all in addition to his work with cats in a puzzle box regarding trail and error learning, his research pertaining to the development of his book called Educational Psychology, and educational experience as a whole. To say the least, Edward Thorndike was far from a one dimensional person. He was taught by the great William James and J.M. Cattell. He taught scholars like Walter Bingham, R.L. Thorndike and L.S. Hollingsworth. Most importantly made a lasting impression on individuals such as David Wechsler and R.B. Cattell as well as you and I. Now looking at some of those names and the life that Thorndike made for himself, it could be understood why he is known as one of the greatest psychologist of his time. More importantly, paving the way for a better understanding on how and why his work has influenced and is still a part of the modern field of psychology. On August 9, 1949 Edward L. Thorndike passed away from old age. He left behind his widowed wife, Elizabeth Moulton who he wed in 1900 and his four children. This was not only a sad day for his family but for the field of psychology as well. They both knew that they lost a husband, a father and very significant scholar to the field of psychology. His legacy will never be forgotten and his contributions will continue to live on. Hopefully this paper has captured your understanding of his everlasting legacy.

Media Controls Your Mind

Media Controls Your Mind The media has a greater effect on America's popular culture than most people realize. Americans are always â€Å"plugged in,† and our access to media has a greater effect on our choices than ever before. People must learn that Just because something is being reported in the media does not mean it is true. This lesson goes all the way back to the beginning of â€Å"modern media,† starting with the television. One cannot trust everything he sees being advertised.Most advertisements are overly exaggerated and sometimes manipulative, Just to persuade consumers to buy a product, vote a certain way, or believe in a certain thing. For instance, in the 1930s America's first â€Å"drug czar† Harry J. Anslinger began one of the world's greatest public relations campaigns to demonize marijuana by telling apparent lies to society, such as marijuana is more harmful to the body than alcohol and tobacco. Seventy years later people still believe the lies even after decades of scientific proof.Because media can have significant influences on our opinions, the American public as a whole need to be more aware of it on a daily basis. The media has a responsibility to use only truthful explanations as opposed to exaggeration when arguing against the egalization of marijuana. The campaigns that Anslinger designed consisted of many movies, musicals, and advertisements, all aimed at demonizing the usage of marijuana. His main argument against the use of marijuana was that smoking it could drive a person insane. Every single one of his claims omitted some very important facts, which made the advertisements misleading.Study after study over the years has proved that marijuana is way less dangerous than alcohol or tobacco, and it is not a â€Å"gateway drug† leading to the usage of other drugs. For example in the article posted by Paul Armentano he says, â€Å"In the United States alone, an estimated 79,000 lives are lost annually due to excessive drinking. † Anslinger promoted these false claims to the general public for the sole reason of making sure that marijuana remained illegal. He even tried to say that a kid from Florida killed his father, mother, two brothers, and sister was due to his newly formed habit of smoking marijuana.That was a very far- fetched claim, even for those who supported keeping marijuana illegal. But, it did stick with a vast majority of people, and to this day marijuana is still illegal in almost every state. However, the longstanding tradition of keeping it illegal is slowly changing. As of the most recent election, there are eighteen states in the U. S. that have legalized the plant for medicinal usage, and two states, Washington and Colorado, have recently legalized the recreational usage of the plant as well.One would think after 70 years of proven studies on marijuana that more states would have made efforts to legalize marijuana by now. Keeping marijuana illegal due to it s â€Å"dangerous† effects seems especially hypocritical, in light of the fatalities that are associated with alcohol and tobacco use every year. Four percent of all deaths in America annually are due to the consumption of alcohol. To this day there has not Magazine â€Å"No one has ever died of THC [marijuana] poisoning, mostly because a 160- lb. person would have to smoke roughly 900 Joints in a sitting to reach a lethal dose. In light of that statistic, it is astonishing that alcohol is used so casually every day by millions of people, yet marijuana remains illegal. In my opinion I think that alcohol should be illegal not cannabis. The mass media should be obligated to present factual information and not over exaggerate claims on behalf of marijuana, because he public needs to know the truth. Every citizen has the right to unbiased, truthful information, and we should be able to trust the media to give this information to us.One of the 1930 anti-mariJuana advertisements t hat was particularly inaccurate was an advertisement with images degrading anything associated with marijuana. It showed a devil in the background with the weasel words â€Å"sin,† â€Å"vice,† â€Å"insanity,† and ‘degradation† scattered around the fgure. It also has a Joint in the middle with the words â€Å"the smoke of hell†. That is obviously promoting exaggerated and inaccurate nformation to someone who has not been able to get both sides of the story. Back when this advertisement was made the â€Å"Ethos† portrayed would be a lot different nowadays..In the 1930s that ad had Just enough credibility to the average citizen to persuade them to agree because a majority of the popular culture was not educated on the subject. A person uneducated on the subject will be easily persuaded into believing that marijuana is dangerous, without understanding the full picture. Using the devil's image to promote anti-mariJuana beliefs is like usin g God's image when selling a product. If one has to use either of those images in an advertisement, he must be really desperate to sell or promote something because there are a lot of other less suggestive images that could be used.However, the message to refrain from smoking marijuana is not completely inaccurate either, especially in states where it remains illegal. A good reason to stay away from marijuana is that it is simply illegal, and no one wants to go to Jail. Other people believe that cannabis should only be used if it is absolutely needed for medicinal reasons. Smoking cannabis impairs your ability to function normally and do daily activities, such as driving. The effects are not as strong as alcohol but can still be enough to be considered being impaired.The effects of smoking tobacco are more minor than the effects of alcohol and marijuana, and therefore daily use of the product is more acceptable. Even though it may cause long-term health effects, cigarettes can be sm oked daily without causing any harm to other people. It is understandable why these products are still legal in the United States, because it is hard to change the law after many years of selling the product. Our government would lose a lot of money if either alcohol or tobacco were illegal because of the pecial tax that many states levy on cigarettes.And the government is mainly focused on clearing their debt, and that would be detrimental towards the economy. They also provide thousands of Jobs to citizens. The alcohol and tobacco industries contribute significant tax revenues to the federal, state, and local governments. In conclusion, the choice to support the legalization of marijuana is influenced by many factors, including religion, family, and values. However, it is also influenced by the media and the media's portray of marijuana as a dangerous substance.If the edia is going to play such an important role in affecting our choices, it should have mass media did not realize t hat what is shown to the popular culture on a daily basis could be so influential no matter how untruthful the advertisements might be. It is not fair for the government to know more information than society. So to be able to instill truthfulness the mass media cannot promote exaggerated claims like the one I mentioned earlier. Once an advertisement is out there, there is no getting it back. The media should be responsible for promoting truthful claims to society so that we an all prosper in life like we all should.Work Cited â€Å"Legal history of cannabis in the United States. † www. wikipedia. com. Wikipedia, 02 2012. web. 5 NOV 2012. Lutz, William. â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything. † Exploring Language. pg. 207-215. print. O'neil, Tom. â€Å"The Language of Advertising. † Exploring Language. pg. 207-215. Print. Miller, Scott. â€Å"History of Marijuana. † www. newslinetheatre. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. Wilson, Jacque. â€Å"The Highs and Lows of Using Marijuana. † kvue. com. CNN, Nov 1 1, 2012 Explain To Me Again Why Pot Is Illegal?. † norm. org. NOVI 2011.

Jahrod

Textbooks vs. Tablets Jahrod Meyers Central Carolina Technical College Topic:Should tablets replace textbooks in K-12 schools? Specific Purpose:Explaining the advantages and the disadvantages Thesis Statement:Publishing for the K-12 school market is an $8 billion industry, with three companies – McGraw-Hill, Pearson, and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – capturing about 85% of this market. Tablets are a $35 billion industry with roughly one in three adults owning a tablet. As tablets have become more prevalent, a new debate has formed over whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digital textbooks on tablets.Introduction A 4GB tablet filled with 3,500 e-books weighs a billionth of a billionth of a gram more than if it were empty of data – a difference that is approximately the same weight as a molecule of DNA. The same number of physical books would weigh about two tons. In San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles, robberies related to intern et-enabled handheld devices (including tablets) have accounted for 50, 40, and 25 percent respectively of all robberies in 2012. Manufacturing one tablet requires the extraction of 33 pounds of minerals, 79 gallons of water, and 100 kilowatt hours of fossil fuels resulting in 66 pounds of carbon dioxide.Students who used an interactive, digital version of an Algebra 1 textbook for Apple's iPad in California's Riverside Unified School District in 2012 scored 20 percent higher on standardized tests vs. students who learned with print textbooks. During the 2011-12 school year more than 13,700 US children, aged 5 to 18, were treated in hospitals and doctors' offices for backpack-related injuries such as contusions, sprains, fractures, and strains to the back and shoulders. Transition:getting into the pros and cons. Body I. PRO Tablet a. Tablets help students learn more material faster. b.Tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks on one device, plus homework, quizzes, and other files, elimi nating the need for physical storage of books and classroom materials. c. E-textbooks on tablets cost on average 50-60% less than print textbooks. d. Tablets help students better prepare for a world immersed in technology. II. CON Tablet a. Tablets have too many distractions for classroom use. b. Many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets. c. The average battery life of a tablet is 7. 26 hours, shorter than the length of a school day. d. Tablets shift the focus of learning from the teacher to the technology. * Transition:In closing, â€Å"Computers are getting smarter all the time. Scientists tell us that soon they will be able to talk to us. (And by ‘they’, I mean ‘computers’. I doubt scientists will ever be able to talk to us. )† Dave Barry. Conclusion I. Opponents of tablets say that they are expensive, too distracting for students, easy to break, and costly/time-consuming to fix. They say that tablets contribute t o eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision, increase the excuses available for students not doing their homework, require costly Wi-Fi networks, and become quickly outdated as new technologies are released.II. Proponents of tablets say that they are supported by most teachers and students, are much lighter than print textbooks, and improve standardized test scores. They say that tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks, save the environment by lowering the amount of printing, increase student interactivity and creativity, and that digital textbooks are cheaper than print textbooks. III. 43% of Americans read online books, magazines, or newspapers. Amazon announced in July 2010 that e-books were outselling paper books, and a July 2012 report by the Association of American Publishers showed that e-book revenue IV. xceeded that of hardcover books for the first time ever. 80% of publishers now produce e-books. While e-books sales rose 117% from 2010 to 2011, the print book business declin ed 2. 5% in 2011 to $27. 2 billion from $27. 9 billion in 2010. However, over 90% of educational textbooks are still read on paper, and only 30% of textbook titles are available electronically. V. I feel that transfer to tablets isn't a bad idea. Considering you will only have to keep up with the tablet and not 5-6 different books for one class. It will also help the children in K-12 to learn and soon master technology

Why Is Light Blue Is the National Color of Italy

Azzurro (literally, azure) is the national  color of Italy. The light blue color, together with the tricolor flag, is a symbol of Italy. Why Blue? The origins of the color date back to 1366, when  Conte Verde, Amedeo VI of Savoy, displayed a large blue flag in tribute to the Madonna  on his flagship, next to the banner of Savoy, while on a crusade organized by Pope Urbano V. He used that opportunity to proclaim azzurro as the national color.   From that time forward, military officers wore a blue-knotted sash or scarf. In 1572, such use was made mandatory for all officers by Duke Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy. Through several changes over the centuries, it became the chief insignia of rank. The blue sash is still worn by officers of the Italian armed forces during ceremonies. The Italian presidential banner is bordered in azzurro, too (in heraldry, the color signifies law and command). Also in tribute to religious figures, the ribbon of the Supreme Order of the Santissima Annunziata, the highest Italian chivalric ensign (and among the oldest in Europe) was light blue, and blue ribbons are used in the military for certain medals (such as the Medaglia dOro al Valor Militare and Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare). Forza Azzurri! During the twentieth century,  azzurro was adopted as the official color of athletic jerseys for national Italian teams. The Italian national soccer team, as a tribute to the Royal House of Italy, wore blue shirts for the first time in January 1911, and the maglietta azzurra quickly become the symbol of the sport. The color took several years to establish itself as part of the uniform for other national teams. In fact, during the 1912 Olympic Games, the most popular color remained white and persisted, even though the Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano  recommended the new jersey. Only during the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles did all Italian athletes wear blue. The national football team also briefly wore black shirts  as demanded by  Benito Mussolini. This shirt was used in a friendly game with Yugoslavia in May 1938 and during the first two World Cup matches that year  against Norway and France. After the war, even though the monarchy was ousted in Italy and the Italian Republic was born, blue uniforms were kept for national sports (but the royal crest of Savoia was eliminated). Its worth noting that the color also frequently serves as the nickname for national Italian sports teams. Gli Azzurri refers to the Italian national soccer, rugby, and ice hockey teams, and the Italian ski team as a whole is referred to as the Valanga Azzurra (Blue Avalanche). The female form, Le Azzurre, is likewise used to refer to Italian womens national teams. The only Italian sports team that doesnt use a blue shirt for its national team (with some exceptions)  is cycling. Ironically, there is an Azzurri dItalia award in the Giro dItalia in which points are awarded for the top three stage finishers. Its similar to the standard points classification for which the leader and final winner are awarded the red jersey but no jersey is awarded for this classification—only a cash prize to the overall winner.

Annotated Bibliography On Functions And Functions

#include #include #include #include #include #include int PID[100], CPU_time[100], IO_time[100], arrival_time[100], flags[100],ID_ready[100]; int rQ[100], bQ[100]; int f_CPU = 0, r_CPU = 0, f_IO = 0, r_IO = 0; // a function that dequeue an element from a queue int deque(int state, int N, int ID) { int temp, var, i, index; if (state == 0) { //deque from ready_queue var = rQ[f_CPU]; rQ[f_CPU] = -1; f_CPU++; if (f_CPU == N) f_CPU = 0; } if (state == 1) { //deque from blocked_queue for (i = 0; i N; i++) { //search for ID in the blocked queue if (bQ[i] == ID) { index = i; break; } } if (bQ[f_IO] != ID) { //sort the elements of the blocked_queue to deque from the place pointed by f_IO temp = bQ[f_IO]; bQ[f_IO] = ID; bQ[index] = temp; } var = bQ[f_IO]; bQ[f_IO] = -1; f_IO++; if (f_IO == N) //check if end of queue reached f_IO = 0; flags[ID] = 0; } return var; } // a function that enqueue an element in a queue void enque(int _id, int state, int N) { if (state == 0) { //enque in ready_queue rQ[r_CPU] = _id; r_CPU++; if (r_CPU == N) r_CPU = 0; } else { //enque in blocked_queue bQ[r_IO] = _id; r_IO++; if (r_IO == N) r_IO = 0; flags[_id] = 1; } } // a function for first come first served algorithm void FCFS(int N) { int n, m, k, p, j, ID, time = 0, temp, counter = -1, run_flag = 0, finish_counter = 0; int turnaround_time[N], data[N]; float run_count = 0; FILE *output = fopen(FCFS.out,Show MoreRelatedRoles and Functions of a Manager- Annotated Bibliography2143 Words   |  9 Pages------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ What is a director’s role? 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The Physics Of An Object Essay - 2575 Words

This experiment is about obtaining data that express the acceleration obtained when the force applied to an object varies. Thus, different hanging masses will be hitched to a cart to observe the impact on the acceleration. As the mass of the cart will remain the same, the purpose of the procedure is to verify the relation between the applied force on an object and its acceleration which is, according to Isaac Newton, F=ma. The results of this experiment are useful because it has an impact on all calculations about dynamic motion. For instance, the force exerted by a car’s motor on the wheels will influence the velocity of the car. To keep the car safe, an engineer will have to calibrate the throttle and to do so, the relation between the force applied and the acceleration has to be known. Another example is the conveyor. A lot of them are made with a mechanism using air pressure. 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The Technological Revolution

Question: Describe about transportation required to get to the destination, activities that should be carried out while at the destination and preparation for uneventful encounters such as custom. Answer: Name of the Destination The destination that is being chosen here is American Samoa; a place that is located between Hawaii and New Zealand. A place lying almost 100km east of the island country Samoa, and the citizens of the American Samoa are the nationals of US but they are not the citizens (Beckman, 2015). The people of the American Samoa, although, could move around in the America Samoa as well as in the mainland of US, freely. The most important city of American Samoa is Pago Pago, where there is an international airport, although in the village of Utulei, American Samoa has the governors office. American Samoa is a place that consists of group of islands, and these islands are located in the South of the Pacific Ocean. The islands that form the American Samoa, include, Tutuila, Ofu, Tau, Olosega, Rose Island, Swaine Island and the Aunuu. Total Cost of the 2 Week Trip The trip will start from the Pago Pago international airport; therefore, it is important to have the flights ticket ready. If the round tickets are available for the trip then it will be wise to have the return tickets, because at the time of return the tickets may not be available. The tickets available for the round trip, costs around $2023. After reaching the airport, reaching American Samoa will only be possible either by boat, bus or by cars in rent. The American Samoa harbor is located near the airport (Waxman, Buenconsejo-Lum, Cremer, Feldman, Ault, Cain, Diaz, 2016). The cruise ships for the passengers are generally inexpensive because the government is mostly controlling it. The anchorage charges of the cruise ships are as less low as $7.50 a month. Therefore, it can be estimated that a minimum price of around one or two dollars. According to the tour advisor, the boats could also be taken in rent to visits the islands of American Samoa. The rental charges of these boats ar e around 100 Samoan Tala, which is equal to around $39.54. If buses are taken in rent then it will cost around one or two dollars. It is better to take the boats in rent; it will give a better feel of the place. There are beach fales and resorts in American Samoa, and the rent of these resorts are around $150. The beach fales, although is not very expensive and the rent of these beach fales are around $54 to $60. Therefore, it can be estimated that the trip would cost around $4500 to $5000. Transportation Required to Get to the Destination The trip to the America Samoa will start from the Pago Pago airport, therefore one of the most important transport system for this trip, is the plane. After reaching the America Samoa, the time comes to visit different destination. There are many islands in America Samoa, which the people could visits and could have their stay there. The people could visit the island in four possible ways; this includes the airways the buses, the boats and the cars in rent (Taumoepeau, 2015). The airways are the most convenient way of transport, because it takes not more than 30 to 40 minutes for transportation through airways. The buses can also be used for transportation, especially if the budget is limited. The cost of travelling through the buses is not at all expensive, It takes only or two dollars, to move around in the buses. If relaxation is something that should be given more importance, then renting a car should be given more importance. The feel of the whole trip could be enjoyed most by travelling through the boat. The boats are not at all very expensive and at the same time, it is a very useful means of transport for visiting the island. Activities that should be carried out while at the destination If a visit to the America Samoa is made, then a positive visit should be made to the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary. It is one of the most important destinations, because it consists of tropical relief, and it is filled with bright colored tropic fish. Among the tropical fishes that are there the butterfly, parrot and the damselfish forms a part of it. The national sanctuary also consists of a sea creatures like octopus, crabs and lobster (Lau, Musso, Fournier, Parola, Raoult Weinstein, 2016).. Apart from the National Sanctuary, the National Park of America Samoa is an important destination where, a visit can be made. The finest landscapes and the seascapes of the island make the place not only beautiful but at the same time serene at the same time. The initiative of making the landscape and seascape beautiful is taken by the US Congress and the leaders of the Samoan village (Harrison Pratt, 2015). Activities like snorkeling can be carried out in beaches like those that the Toaga where exploring the pristine coral reef will be a real fun. Adventure activities like hiking can be carried out in the rain forests that are there in the mountains. There is a hiking trail on the right-hand-side of the Pago Pago uphill that will lead to the Mt. Alva in two hours. The view that is there from the Mt. Alva is the best view of the whole destination. There is although, a risk related to this particular adventure sports. The trail that is there on the other side of the uphill, leads to the village of Vatia. The availability of buses in the village of Vatia is very less therefore, returning to the capital city, Pago Pago could be a challenge. The nightlife activities in America Samoa are also very interesting and therefore, these activities should be carried out in this particular trip. Shopping is another important activity that could be carried out in America Samoa, where there are several kiosks, which would help in this shopping (Koth, 2015). Preparation for Uneventful Encounters Such as Custom The trip to America Samoa will be a visa-free entry for the citizens of United States, although the passport is required for the entry. The departments of the customs, which work under the America customs, make sure that the excise duties and the tax duties are carried out properly (Connell, 2015). They make sure that all the person entering and leaving the place is searched properly along with their baggage. The customs make sure that there are no illicit imports of the goods like arms and ammunition, narcotics or any other kind of weapons. The America Samoa not only has their customs officers in airport but they are also present in the seaport as well. The customs officers in the seaport make sure that they search both the cargo and the passenger ships. The baggage of almost thousands passengers are checked daily. It is in the Pago Pago harbor, where the task of immigration as well as customs clearance is being carried out (Crews Lawson, 2015). During the time of trip, therefore, it should be kept in mind that while travelling things containing narcotic should not be carried. Proper preparation should be taken so that the customs are being avoided and the trip is a peaceful visit (Romero, 2015). The immigration department of America Samoa goes through a thorough inspection of the cargo and the baggage and accordingly they collect the excise tax as well. Daily operations that are being carried out in the immigration department, include, daily immigration operations and enforcement and at the same time, it include alien ID issuance as well. References Beckman, M. (2015). Pilot study: influence of the Samoan dog population on visitors. Connell, J. (2015). Samoa and Tonga: Migration and Remittances in the Twenty-first Century.Migration and Development: Perspectives from Small States, 122-185. Crews, D. E., Lawson, A. J. (2015). International migration, population structure and economic development in American Samoa.Migration and Development,4(1), 23-38. Harrison, D., Pratt, S. (2015). 1 Tourism in Pacific island countries.Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current Issues and Future Challenges,48, 1. Koth, B. (2015). 13 Hosting bluewater sailors.Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current Issues and Future Challenges,48, 219. Lau, C., Musso, D., Fournier, P. E., Parola, P., Raoult, D., Weinstein, P. (2016). Absence of serological evidence of Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Coxiella burnetii infections in American Samoa.Ticks and tick-borne diseases. Romero, V. C. (2015).Everyday law for immigrants. Routledge. Taumoepeau, S. (2015). 11 Air transportation and tourism linkages in the South Pacific islands.Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current Issues and Future Challenges,48, 183. Taumoepeau, S. (2015). 11 Air transportation and tourism linkages in the South Pacific islands.Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current Issues and Future Challenges,48, 183. Waxman, A. G., Buenconsejo-Lum, L. E., Cremer, M., Feldman, S., Ault, K. A., Cain, J. M., Diaz, M. L. (2016). Cervical Cancer Screening in the United StatesAffiliated Pacific Islands: Options and Opportunities.Journal of lower genital tract disease,20(1), 97-104.